Wellness Foods + Supplements 3/2025

No. 3, November/December 2025 

www.harnisch.com | ISSN 2364-8104 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Igor 

Heart health 

Marine ingredients 

Natural supplements 

Functional food 

Healthy ageing 

Infant nutrition

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The General 

NEWSLETTER 

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Editorial 

SILKE WATKINS, Editor-in-Chief 

Back to a species-appropriate lifestyle? 

The heart is a high-performance organ 

and the largest muscle in the human body. 

Approximately 7,000 litres of blood are 

pumped through our bodies every day, 

supplying every cell with oxygen and vital 

nutrients. The heart performs an enormous 

task every day to keep us alive. 

Nevertheless, cardiovascular diseases are 

among the most common causes of death 

worldwide. This has a lot to do with the 

way we live and work today. Even children 

and young people do not get enough exercise, 

sit too much, eat too many industrially 

processed foods and have fewer and 

fewer social contacts. This then continues 

into adulthood. Many jobs are sedentary, 

there is not enough exercise, time is short, 

people eat unhealthily and sometimes feel 

like they are on a treadmill. Acceleration and 

flexibility have taken hold in our professional 

and everyday lives. All of this contradicts a 

healthy and species-appropriate lifestyle. 

Our lives are essentially overregulated. This 

not only makes many people unhappy, but 

also ill. The heart suffers particularly badly, 

as a lack of exercise weakens the heart and 

reduces life expectancy. 

To maintain heart health, the following points should be considered 

for a healthy heart: a balanced and healthy diet, regular exercise, 

stress reduction, sufficient and good sleep, no smoking, moderate 

alcohol consumption, healthy lifestyle habits and social connectedness. 

To do this, you need to understand the basic needs of the human 

body and mind, while also taking into account that human evolution 

has taken place over millions of years. Human genetics are not geared 

towards ready meals, office work and constant availability. Rather, 

they are geared towards the need for active exercise, good nutrition 

and personal development. With this awareness and a greater sense 

of personal responsibility for their own lives, everyone can do a great 

deal for their own health and well-being. 

This issue features a number of articles on the topic of healthy ageing, 

viewed from a variety of different perspectives. 

I wish you an interesting read! 

Best regards, 

Silke Watkins 

No. 3 November/December 2025 

3

Contents 

Health 

Convenience Food 

Food & Beverages 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Igor 

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease in which 

cholesterol, fats and other substances like 

calcium deposit on the inner wall of arterial 

blood vessels (1). This buildup of substances 

on the artery wall is called plaque. Over time, 

arterial plaque can progressively stiffen 

and clog arteries. That process can cause 

narrowing of arteries, which leads to a reduced 

supply of blood and nutrients to body tissues. 

In the worst case, such a plaque can burst, 

leading to the release of a blood clot, which in 

turn can trigger serious problems like stroke, 

heart attack or thrombosis (2). 

(See article on page 6) 

Confectionary 

Sports Nutrition 

Contents 

Health Care 

Personal Care 

Atherosclerosis 

06 Pycno ® Centella, a new research-based patented ingredient combination for atherosclerosis 

0 Natural supplements 

10 Health-promoting plant extracts 


13 Haskap berries: A rich source of anthocyanins with unique health potential 

Marine ingredient 

17 Chondro’Sea ® : A marine ingredient improving joint pain and mobility in middle-aged adults – 

a new real-life study 

Creatine 

20 Creatine – between performance enhancement and chemical instability: 

A closer look at the trendy raw material 

Active ingredients 

24 Healthy aging with active ingredients 

Infant nutrition 

28 Healthy nutrition from the very start 

Functional nutrition 

32 Positiv’food ® : Functional nutrition designed for healthy aging 

Bioactive Collagen Peptides 

34 Turning protein into a powerhouse: Bioactive Collagen Peptides’ role as messenger ingredients 

Vitamin K2 

37 The backbone of healthy ageing: navigating vitamin K2’s potential 

Metabolic health 

40 Collagen peptides: Unexpected star ingredients for the GLP-1 age? 

Functional tea extract 

44 Status of the amino acid L-Theanine in the EU 

46 Impressum 

4 No. 3 November/December 2025

From flavor to wellness. 

Experience Positiv’Food ® . 

®


Photo © : Adobe Stock/Osadchyi l 

Pycno ® Centella, a new research-based 

patented ingredient combination 

for atherosclerosis 

Dr. Franziska Weichmann 

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease in which cholesterol, fats 

and other substances like calcium deposit on the inner wall 

of arterial blood vessels (1). This buildup of substances on 

the artery wall is called plaque. Over time, arterial plaque can 

progressively stiffen and clog arteries. That process can cause 

narrowing of arteries, which leads to a reduced supply of blood 

and nutrients to body tissues. In the worst case, such a plaque 

can burst, leading to the release of a blood clot, which in turn 

can trigger serious problems like stroke, heart attack or thrombosis 

(2). 

Inflammatory processes have been found to play an additional key 

role in the progression of atherosclerosis plaques (3). Common risk 

factors for atherosclerotic plaque buildup include elevated LDL (lowdensity 

lipoprotein) cholesterol levels and other lipids in the blood, 

high blood pressure, obesity, smoking and diabetes (4). With a prevalence 

of around 28 % in people aged 30-79 years old, atherosclerosis 

is one of the main cardiovascular diseases worldwide (4). 

The unique combination of the two powerful natural ingredients, 

Pycnogenol ® and Centellicum ® – patented and trademarked as 

Pycno ® Centella – was shown 

– to prevent the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, 

– to decrease the number and size of arterial plaques, 

– to improve arterial plaque stability, 

– to decrease oxidative stress and inflammation and 

– to prevent cardiovascular events (5-13). 

Pycnogenol ® is the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant extract from 

French maritime pine bark with evidence-based efficacy for cardiovascular 

health (14). Centellicum ® is a scientifically evidenced extract 

of Centella Asiatica with collagen remodulating efficacy. 

Prevention of atherosclerotic plaque progression 

In several studies, Pycno ® Centella supplementation was shown to 

be beneficial in slowing fast progression of atherosclerotic plaque 

buildup (5-10). 

A clinical study with over 1300 participants aged 45 to 60 years 

with asymptomatic plaques evaluated plaque progression following 

daily supplementation of Pycno ® Centella for two and a half years. 

Using high resolution ultrasound, it was shown that the intake of 

Pycno ® Centella prevented plaque progression compared to the 



control group, in which plaques worsened 

by 12 % over the whole study time (5). 

In a three-and-a-half-year follow-up study, 

the risk of subclinical arterial plaques 

progressing to severe clinical stages was 

investigated further in 824 subjects with 

more advanced atherosclerosis (6). 48.1 % 

of the 131 participants, taking no supplements, 

had at least one plaque that worsened 

from class V to VI during the study. 

Other patients that took Pycnogenol ® alone 

or in combination with Aspirin already had 

a higher chance of non-progression of their 

arterial plaques with 10-35 % of the subjects 

with atherosclerotic plaque progression. The 

group that took Pycno ® Centella showed the 

lowest plaque progression rate with 6.5 % 

of the 138 subjects progressing to a more 

severe class of atherosclerotic plaques. 

During the whole study period, 16 % of the 

subjects in the control group suffered from 

a cardiovascular event, such as a stroke 

or a heart attack, whereas only 4 % in the 

Pycno ® Centella group were affected (6). 

a model of accelerated atherosclerosis (8). During the study, patients 

who underwent stent surgery were examined for plaque regrowth. 

Supplementation with Pycno ® Centella prevented progression to 

a more advanced risk class of atherosclerosis. Almost 60 % of 

the control subjects presented with progressed atherosclerosis, 

compared to a progression of 9 % in the Pycno ® Centella patients (8). 

A three-year study found that supplementation with Pycno ® Centella in 

addition to aspirin as an antiplatelet medication could reduce plaque 

progression by 75 % and cardiovascular events by 71 % compared to 

aspirin-only medication (9). 

Another study confirmed the supporting beneficial effects of 

Pycno ® Centella, boosting the efficacy of aspirin in atherosclerosis 

(10). Taken over twelve months, supplementation with the combination 

of Pycnogenol ® and Centellicum ® in subjects with coronary and 

aortic calcifications lead to a decrease of almost 10 % of vascular 

calcification areas, a hallmark of atherosclerosis, that can possibly 

trigger cardiovascular events (10, 15). In the control patients on the 

other hand, the number of calcified areas increased by almost 35 % 

(10). 

These studies illustrate the powerful effects of Pycno ® Centella in 

reducing arterial plaques and preventing progression of atherosclerosis 

and cardiovascular events. 

Atherosclerotic plaque stabilization 

The supplementation of Pycno ® Centella was shown to stabilize atherosclerosis 

plaques in three clinical studies (11-13). Plaque stabilization 

is a crucial part of atherosclerosis therapy as the rupture of an 

atherosclerotic plaque often leads to an acute fatal thrombotic event 

such as heart attack or stroke (3). Using high resolution ultrasound, 

Pycno ® Centella was shown to increase the stability of the plaques 

significantly compared to control patients, when taken for six months 

(11). The height of the plaque increased by around 2 % in the control 

patients, whereas it decreased by 14 % in the Pycno ® Centella group. 

Patients with asymptomatic atherosclerotic 

plaques, taking Pycno ® Centella for four 

years even showed a decrease in the thickness 

of their intima media by 1.5 % (7). 

Control patients presented with an increased 

intima media thickness of 9.2 %. The intimamedia 

is the inner lining of the carotid artery, 

and an increased thickness is a marker of 

atherosclerosis. 

A twelve-month study evaluated the 

regrowth and progression of within-stent 

inner vascular wall plaques after stenting as 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/kwangmoozaa 


7


ties. Oxidative stress was observed to be linked to atherosclerotic 

plaque progression via reactive oxygen species and the generation of 

oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (16). 

In several studies, oxidative stress was assessed by measuring free 

radicals in the plasma before and after Pycno ® Centella supplementation. 

Oxidative stress was reduced by 15 % to 21 % in the blood 

of patients with atherosclerosis after three months to four years of 

supplementation (5-12). 

Mechanisms of actions behind Pycno ® Centella 

In another study, Pycno ® Centella supplementation was shown to 

increase the stability of atherosclerotic plaques significantly as well 

as reduce size and number of the plaques by 10 % and 22 % respectively 

(12). 

A recent study investigated the progression of atherosclerosis by 

analyzing histopathological parameters of the plaques (13). The 

study subjects took Pycno ® Centella or followed standard management 

for six months before surgical removal of plaque buildup from 

the carotid arteries in the neck. After 6 months, following histological 

analysis of the resected plaque, the number of patients with abnormal 

morphological parameters like increased inflammation markers, 

calcium and fat deposits in the plaque was significantly lower in the 

Pycno ® Centella group compared to the control group. This shows 

that Pycno ® Centella may contribute to more stable atherosclerotic 

plaques that are less fragile and less prone to rupture, embolization 

or thrombosis potentially lowering the risk of acute cardiovascular 

events. In addition, after the 6-month supplementation period 

pre-operative plaque growth was lower in Pycno ® Centella patients as 

compared to control patients. 

Antioxidant activity 

In addition to the previously mentioned direct benefits regarding 

atherosclerosis, Pycno ® Centella shows potent antioxidant proper- 

Inflammatory processes are considered to be a key mechanism in 

the progression of atherosclerosis (3). In several studies, it was shown 

that Pycnogenol ® has potent anti-inflammatory properties (17-19). A 

study reported that Pycnogenol ® significantly prevented the up-regulation 

of the pro-inflammatory enzymes 5-LOX and COX-2, already 

after five days of daily intake (17). In another ex vivo study, plasma 

samples of volunteers after intake of Pycnogenol ® showed a statistically 

significant inhibition of NF-κB activation by 15.5 % and matrix 

metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) release by 25%, two important regulators 

in the inflammation process (18). In a similar study, statistically 

significant inhibition of inflammatory molecules COX-1 and COX- 2 

was observed after intake of Pycnogenol ® (19). 

An ever-increasing number of clinical studies demonstrate the efficacy 

of Pycnogenol ® to improve cardiovascular health. Among other 

properties, Pycnogenol ® ’s efficacy can be explained by its positive 

effects on the endothelium, the inner layer of blood vessels (20-25). 

The proper function of the endothelium is tightly connected to cardiovascular 

health. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an early 

marker for atherosclerosis (26). In patients with coronary artery 

disease, the effects of Pycnogenol ® on endothelial function were 

assessed by measuring flow-mediated dilation (FMD). FMD is a 

widely used non-invasive technique for assessing endothelial function 

that measures the widening of the artery in response to blood 

flow-associated shear stress (22). This eight-week randomized, 

double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study showed that flowmediated 

dilation was improved by 32 % in the Pycnogenol ® group, 

whereas it slightly decreased in the placebo group (22). 

Additionally, Pycnogenol ® was shown to improve the blood lipid profile 

(24, 27), to normalize blood pressure (23, 27) and platelet function 

(22, 28), as well as blood sugar levels (23, 24) and microcirculation 

(29). The effects of Pycnogenol ® were investigated in healthy people, 

individuals with borderline high-risk factors but also as an add-on for 

people taking prescription medicine for cardiovascular health issues. 

Another potential mechanism underlaying the beneficial effects 

of Pycno ® Centella on atherosclerosis is the role of Centellicum ® in 

collagen modulation. Collagen plays a very important role in atherosclerotic 

plaque stability, as stable plaques are covered by a firm cap 

mostly consisting of collagen and elastin, protecting against rupture 



with resulting devastating complications such as heart attack or 

stroke (30). Centellicum ® was shown to improve collagen modulation 

and deposition and may thereby improve the stability and integrity of 

arterial plaques (31-34). 

Pycnogenol ® French maritime pine bark extract is a standardized, 

safe, natural and evidence-based solution to help prevent cardiovascular 

diseases. For more information on Pycnogenol ® , please visit 

www.pycnogenol.com. 

Centellicum ® is a research-based, standardized and safe natural 

extract of Centella Asiatica. Centellicum ® was shown to support the 

healing of scars and stretchmarks. For more information on Centellicum 

® , please visit www.centellicum.com. 

Pycno ® Centella is a new ingredient combination with powerful beneficial 

effects against atherosclerosis. 

In the studies presented in this article, Pycnogenol ® was used in a 

dose of 100-150 mg per day and Centellicum ® was dosed between 

225 and 450 mg per day. 

Pycnogenol ® , Pycno ® and Centellicum ® are trademarks of Horphag 

Research. Use of one of these products may be protected by one or 

more US patents and other international patents. 

References 

1. Falk E. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(8 Suppl):C7-12. 

2. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of 

atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011;473(7347):317-25. 

3. Halvorsen B, Otterdal K, Dahl TB, Skjelland M, Gullestad L, Øie E, et al. Atherosclerotic 

plaque stability--what determines the fate of a plaque? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 

2008;51(3):183-94. 

4. Song P, Fang Z, Wang H, Cai Y, Rahimi K, Zhu Y, et al. Global and regional prevalence, 

burden, and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, 

and modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(5):e721-e9. 

5. Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosoi M, Ippolito E, Cesarone M, Luzzi R, et al. Pycnogenol ® 

and Centella Asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression. Int Angiol. 

2014;33(1):20-6. 

6. Belcaro G, Ippolito E, Dugall M, Hosoi M, Cornelli U, Ledda A, et al. Pycnogenol ® and 

Centella asiatica in the management of asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression. Int 

Angiol. 2015;34(2):150-7. 

7. Belcaro G, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Hosoi M, Cornelli U, Ledda A, et al. Pycnogenol ® and 

Centella asiatica to prevent asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression in clinical events. 

Minerva Cardioangiol. 2017;65(1):24-31. 

8. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Scipione C, Scipione V, Dugall M, Hu S, et al. 

Pycnogenol ® +Centellicum ® , post-stent evaluation: prevention of neointima and plaque 

re-growth. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2019;67(6):450-5. 

9. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Scipione C, Scipione V, Dugall M, Shu H, et al. Delayed progression 

of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with atherosclerotic 

plaques: 3-year prevention with the supplementation with Pycnogenol ® +Centellicum ® . 

Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020;68(1):15-21. 

10. Hu S, Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Feragalli B, Cotellese R, Dugall M, et al. Central cardiovascular 

calcifications: supplementation with Pycnogenol ® and Centellicum ® : variations 

over 12 months. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020;68(1):22-6. 

11. Belcaro G, Cornelli U. Variations in Echogenicity in Carotid and Femoral Atherosclerotic 

Plaques with Pycnogenol + Centella Asiatica Supplementation. Int J Angiol. 2017;26(2):95- 

101. 

12. Luzzi R, Belcaro G, Ippolito E. Carotid plaque stabilization induced by the supplement 

association Pycnogenol ® and centella asiatica (Centellicum ® ). Minerva Cardioangiol. 

2016;64(6):603-9. 

13. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Scipione C, Scipione V, Cornelli U, Cotellese R, et al. Efficacy of 

the combination Pycnogenol ® and Centellicum ® on preventing the progression of atherosclerotic 

plaques: a morphological study. Panminerva Med. 2023;65(3):283-5. 

14. Oliff H. American Botanical Council - Scientific and clinical Monograph for Pycnogenol. 

ABC. 2019:1-46. 

15. Shioi A, Ikari Y. Plaque Calcification During Atherosclerosis Progression and Regression. 

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis. 2018;25(4):294-303. 

16. Malekmohammad K, Sewell RDE, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis: 

Mechanistic Aspects. Biomolecules. 2019;9(8):301. 

17. Canali R, Comitato R, Schonlau F, Virgili F. The anti-inflammatory pharmacology of 

Pycnogenol in humans involves COX-2 and 5-LOX mRNA expression in leukocytes. Int Immunopharmacol. 

2009;9(10):1145-9. 

18. Grimm T, Chovanova Z, Muchova J, Sumegova K, Liptakova A, Durackova Z, et al. Inhibition 

of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after 

ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm (Lond). 2006;3:1. 

19. Schäfer A, Chovanova Z, Muchova J, Sumegova K, Liptakova A, Durackova Z, et al. Inhibition 

of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French 

maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed Pharmacother. 2005;60(1):5-9. 

20. Nishioka K, Hidaka T, Nakamura S, Umemura T, Jitsuiki D, Soga J, et al. Pycnogenol, 

French maritime pine bark extract, augments endothelium-dependent vasodilation in 

humans. Hypertens Res. 2007;30(9):775-80. 

21. Fitzpatrick DF, Bing B, Rohdewald P. Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of 

Pycnogenol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;32(4):509-15. 

22. Enseleit F, Sudano I, Periat D, Winnik S, Wolfrum M, Flammer AJ, et al. Effects of 

Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a doubleblind, 

randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(13):1589-97. 

23. Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, Zhou S, Wurthwein G, Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol, French maritime 

pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci. 

2004;74(7):855-62. 

24. Zibadi S, Rohdewald PJ, Park D, Watson RR. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors in 

subjects with type 2 diabetes by Pycnogenol supplementation. Nutr Res. 2008;28(5):315-20. 

25. Uhlenhut K, Högger P. Facilitated cellular uptake and suppression of inducible nitric 

oxide synthase by a metabolite of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Free Radic Biol 

Med. 2012;53(2):305-13. 

26. Xu S, Ilyas I, Little PJ, Li H, Kamato D, Zheng X, et al. Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic 

Cardiovascular Diseases and Beyond: From Mechanism to Pharmacotherapies. 

Pharmacological Reviews. 2021;73(3):924-67. 

27. Yang HM, Liao MF, Zhu SY, Liao MN, Rohdewald P. A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled 

trial on the effect of Pycnogenol on the climacteric syndrome in peri-menopausal 

women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(8):978-85. 

28. Araghi-Niknam M, Hosseini S, Larson D, Rohdewald P, Watson R. Pine bark extract 

reduces platelet aggregation. Integrative Medicine. 1999;2(2/3). 

29. Wang S, Tan D, Zhao Y, Gao G, Gao X, Hu L. The effect of Pycnogenol ® on the microcirculation, 

platelet function and ischaemic myocardium in patients with coronary artery 

diseases. European Bulletin of Drug Research. 1999;7(2):19-25. 

30. Adiguzel E, Ahmad PJ, Franco C, Bendeck MP. Collagens in the progression and complications 

of atherosclerosis. Vascular Medicine. 2009;14(1):73-89. 

31. Cotellese R, Hu S, Belcaro G, Ledda A, Feragalli B, Dugall M, et al. Centella asiatica 

(Centellicum ® ) facilitates the regular healing of surgical scars in subjects at high risk of 

keloids. Minerva Chir. 2018;73(2):151-6. 

32. Hosoi M, Belcaro G, Ledda A, Cornelli U, Dugall M, Feragalli B, et al. Effects of collagen 

remodulation with Centella asiatica (Centellicum ® ) in Dupuytren palmar fibromatosis: a 

pilot supplement study. Minerva Ortopedica E Traumatologica. 2018;69. 

33. Hu S, Belcaro G, Hosoi M, Feragalli B, Luzzi R, Dugall M. Postpartum stretchmarks: 

repairing activity of an oral Centella asiatica supplementation (Centellicum ® ). Minerva 

Ginecol. 2018;70(5):629-34. 

34. Belcaro G, Cesarone M, Dugall M, Corsi M, Hosoi M, Bavera P, et al. Effects of the 

collagen modulator Centellicum ® and spinal elongation exercises on subclinical abdomi nal 

aneurysmal dilatation. Ital J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2022;29:80-6. 

For more information, please contact 

Dr. Franziska Weichmann, 

Manager of Scientific Communications 

and Product Development at 

Horphag Research 

www.pycnogenol.com 

www.centellicum.com 


9


Photo © : Peruvian Nature 

Health-promoting plant extracts 

Plant extracts continue to play a central role in traditional 

medicine. In recent years, the variety of plant-based active 

ingredients available in Europe has steadily expanded. 

Alongside native plants, numerous leaves, roots, and fruits 

from around the world have been introduced. Particularly in 

demand are Ayurvedic products and dietary supplements, 

prized for their health-promoting properties. 

These plant extracts are commonly used to support the immune 

system, improve blood circulation, and help the body manage inflammation, 

pain, or stress-related symptoms. The Import Promotion 

Desk (IPD) works closely with producers from developing and 

emerging countries, helping them bring their products to the European 

market.“ The companies often offer dietary supplements that 

are still relatively unknown in Europe”, says Angie Martinez, Expert 

for Sourcing + Markets at the IPD. “They process their local raw 

materials using modern technologies, delivering high-quality ingredients 

for the food industry. These can be taken as dietary supplements 

or used to enhance the functional properties of beverages 

and foods.” 

Moringa: Nutrient mix 

Among the better-known Ayurvedic medicinal 

plants are moringa leaves (Moringa 

oleifera), renowned for their exceptionally 

high nutrient density. They contain vitamins 

A, B, and C, as well as minerals such as 

calcium, magnesium and iron. In addition, 

they have a high protein content, with most 

of the essential amino acids present in the 

leaves. 

In Ayurvedic medicine, moringa is used to 

treat a wide range of ailments. Taken as a 

dietary supplement, dried moringa leaves 

can help strengthen the immune system, 

reduce inflammation in the body, and stimulate 

blood circulation. They are also believed 

to have a beneficial impact on blood sugar 

and cholesterol levels. 


ich in proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins 

and minerals, and is considered a good 

source of antioxidants and vitamin C. The 

IPD companies “Nunalabs“ from Ecuador 

and “Pebani“ and “Peruvian Nature“ from 

Peru process the root into high-quality 

extracts, such as maca powder and maca 

extract, which also comes in powder form. 

Depending on the extraction method, the 

powder dissolves effortlessly in water. This 

makes it suitable for smoothies, desserts, 

and a wide range of other recipes. In addition 

to powders, they also produce a paste 

and liquid extract for the food and beverage 

industry. 

With its high protein content and broad 

spectrum of vitamins is available in powder, 

tea, and tablet form. Moringa powder has 

a slightly spicy taste and can be used in 

many ways. It is very popular as an addition 

to smoothies. It is also great in salad dressings, 

dips, and spreads. Moringa can also 

be used for cooking and baking, enriching 

savory dishes with nutrients. 

Moringa is a typical extract from Africa, 

where the moringa tree is also known as 

the miracle tree. The IPD companies “True 

Farms“ in Ghana and “Moringa Wave“ in 

Madagascar supply both moringa leaves and 

powder. They also produce moringa oil from 

the seeds, better known as behen oil. 

Maca: “Peruvian Ginseng” 

Photos © : True Farms 

Maca already played an important role in 

the diet of the Incas 2,000 years ago. Today, 

the root from the Peruvian Andes is counted 

among the so-called superfoods. The maca 

plant (Lepidium meyenii/Lepidium peruvianum) 

is a cress plant belonging to the 

cruciferous family, and is therefore related to 

radish, garden cress, and mustard. 

For the production of maca powder, the root 

is processed. The tuber occurs in different 

colours – mostly yellow, red, and black. It is 

Colloquially, maca is also referred to as 

“Peruvian ginseng”. This designation is 

based on the similarities between the roots 

and their effects. Just like ginseng, maca is 

used as an adaptogenic medicinal plant and 

is believed to help with stress-related symptoms. 

Due to its high amino acid content, 

maca is said to increase energy, performance 

and endurance. The antioxidants are 

believed to protect against stress hormones, 

and enhance sleep quality. Furthermore, 

maca is also said to have a regulating effect 

on various areas of the hormonal system and 

to have a positive influence on hormonal 

balance. In addition, maca is considered an 

aphrodisiac. 

Ashwagandha: An anti-stress remedy 

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also 

known as Indian ginseng or winter cherry, is 

one of the most important medicinal plants 

in Ayurveda. It belongs to the nightshade 

family. Despite the name “winter cherry” 

referring to a “cherry”, the fruits themselves 

are not edible. The root is used for producing 

plant extracts. 

Withanolides and alkaloids are considered 

to be the biologically active compounds in 

ashwagandha. Withaferin A is one of the 

most studied withanolides. It is said to have 

anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, 

as well as lowering cortisol levels, thereby 

increasing stress resistance. Traditionally, 

ashwagandha has been used to treat a wide 

range of conditions, including sleep disor- 

Joint Health Support 

Significant clinical results 

at low dose (450mg/day) 

80% of subjects improve 

their WOMAC score 

34% decrease in 

WOMAC pain score 

Improvement in daily mobility 

(smartwatch) by 4 to 6% 

No.3 November/December 2025 

www.pharmanager-ingredients.com


African devil’s claw: Pain relief 

The African devil’s claw (Harpagophytum 

procumbens) belongs to the sesame family. 

In traditional medicine, it is the root that is 

processed. Alongside carbohydrates and 

phenolic glycosides, it primarily contains 

bitter substances known as iridoids. 

Photo © : Freedom African Botanicals 

ders, anxiety, fertility issues and impotence. In addition, the plant 

powder is said to enhance cognitive function and improve physical 

performance. 

The family-owned company “Ceylon Tropicana“ from Sri Lanka 

specialises in the production of plant extracts. Alongside ashwagandha, 

its portfolio also includes moringa, brahmi and gotu kola. 

The company offers these extracts in powder form as well as herbal 

teas containing the mentioned active ingredients. 

The root extract is said to have pain-relieving 

and anti-inflammatory properties and is 

mainly taken for joint pain, osteoarthritis, and 

rheumatic complaints. Traditionally, devil’s 

claw preparations have also been used to 

treat digestive complaints such as flatulence 

and bloating. 

Since 2025, the South African company 

“Freedom African Botanicals” has been 

partici pating in the IPD programme. The 

company specialises in dried medicinal 

plants from southern Africa, including devil's 

claw, Cape pelargonium and rosehip. 

Brahmi and Gotu Kola: “Memory Herbs” 

Brahmi and Gotu Kola are often confused with each other. Both are 

traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda and are said to have a 

positive effect on memory. 

Brahmi is the Indian name for water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri). The 

leaves contain a range of compounds, including saponins such as 

bacoside A and bacoside B. These are said to stimulate the renewal 

of brain and nerve cells. 

Gotu Kola, also known as Indian pennywort (Centella asiatica) or tiger 

grass, is likewise believed to enhance cognitive performance. In addition, 

the powder is said to have positive effects on blood circulation 

and to promote healthy blood flow. Accordingly, it can prevent arteriosclerosis 

and counteract the development of varicose veins. When 

applied externally, Gotu Kola is said to accelerate wound healing. 


www.importpromotiondesk.de/en/ 

Photo © : Freedom African Botanicals 



Haskap berries: A rich source of 

anthocyanins with unique health potential 

Dr Evie Kemp 

Introduction: The haskap berry 

advantage 

The haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.), 

also known as honeyberry, blue honeysuckle 

and sweet berry honeysuckle, is native to 

the northern hemisphere and thrives in 

cold climates such as Hokkaido in Japan, 

Siberia, and Canada. In recent years, haskap 

has gained attention as a “superberry” due 

to its exceptionally high content of bioactive 

compounds, particularly anthocyanins. 

Beyond its distinctive tangy sweet flavor, 

haskap offers a unique nutritional profile that 

makes it an attractive candidate for healthpromoting 

foods and supplements. In 2018 the haskap berry was 

recognised as a traditional food in the EU. 

History and origin of the haskap berry 

The berry is thought to have originated in the frozen wilderness of 

Siberia and been carried by birds to the northern Japanese Island 

of Hokkaido, where it was known and loved by the indigenous Ainu 

people of the region, who named it “haskap” meaning ‘many things 

(fruits) on branches.’ 

There is a long history of haskap berries being used in traditional 

medicine in Japan, Russia and China. The berry has been used to 

reduce the risk of hypertension and heart attacks and treat a variety 

of medical problems including inflammation and liver conditions. 


13


Indeed, the Ainu people knew haskap as the “the elixir of life” and 

berry of good eyesight. 

Haskap berries also have a unique anthocyanin 

profile, with one specific anthocyanin 

called cyanidin-3-glucoside, known as C3G, 

making up 79-92 % of the total anthocyanin 

content and over 60 % of the total polyphenols. 

Haskap berries also contain high levels 

of Vitamin C content with published values of 

up to 186 mg/100 g. 

Haskap anthocyanin properties 

Two recent review papers looked primarily at 

the laboratory and preclinical research base 

for haskap berries which is significant and 

growing. Haskap anthocyanins in general 

and C3G in particular are associated with 

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, 

cardioprotective and antidiabetic properties. 

Although there is no recommended daily 

intake for anthocyanins, it is thought that 

many adults do not consume enough, and a 

recent review paper suggested we should eat 

at least 50 mg a day for optimal benefit. 

Haskap’s unique nutritional composition 

Haskap berries contain one of the highest levels of anthocyanins 

found in any berry. Anthocyanins (from the Greek anthos, a flower, 

and kyanos, dark blue) are naturally occurring plant pigments that 

give fruit and vegetables their deep purple, blue and red colours. The 

high anthocyanin content is explained by the double purple skin and 

crimson flesh of the berries. 

Potential heart health benefits 

Large epidemiological studies have shown 

diets rich in anthocyanins have been associated 

with a reduction in the risk of suffering 

from heart attacks and developing high 

blood pressure. In addition, a review of 22 

dietary clinical trials looked at the effect of 

berry anthocya nins on heart health, showing 

improvements in blood pressure and blood 

vessel health. 

Anthocyanins are believed to benefit the 

cardiovascular system through several 

mechanisms. One key example is cyanidin- 

3-glucoside (C3G), which has been shown 

to stimulate nitric oxide production. Nitric 

oxide, a gas naturally released by the lining 

of blood vessels, acts as a signaling molecule 

that relaxes the vessels (vasodilation). 

This process improves blood flow, enhances 

oxygen and nutrient delivery, and helps lower 

blood pressure. 

Potential brain and cognitive benefits 

It has been suggested that anthocyanins 

may be a promising supplement to reduce 

the risk of cognitive decline as we age. 



Haskap berries and cognition 

The first clinical pilot study to explore the immediate effects of haskap 

berry extract on brain function, mood, and blood pressure was 

carried out by Professor Claire Williams at the University of Reading 

and published in the European Journal of Nutrition in 2018. In this 

small trial, 20 older adults aged 62–81 took either one of three doses 

of haskap extract or a sugar-matched placebo. Their memory, mood, 

and blood pressure were measured before and again, 90 minutes 

after consumption. 

The results were promising: participants showed improvements 

in memory (word recall and recognition) and a drop in diastolic 

blood pressure, with higher doses giving the strongest benefits. The 

researchers suggested that the memory boost supports earlier findings 

from anthocyanin studies in older adults, while the blood pressure 

effect was likely linked to better blood vessel relaxa tion. Professor 

Williams’s team has started working on a much larger follow up clinical 

trial looking at the longer term effects of freeze dried haskap berry 

powder on cognition and cardiometabolic health. 

Population studies have been performed 

looking at the effects of dietary anthocyanin 

on memory and cognition. One study 

followed 16,000 women over the age of 70 

for 6 years. The study found that women with 

the highest daily anthocyanin intake experienced 

a significant delay in brain aging— 

equivalent to preserving about two and a half 

years of cognitive function. 

A review of 18 dietary clinical trials assessed 

the effect of berry anthocyanins on cognitive 

performance. Results showed significant 

improvements in memory, with some 

studies also reporting positive effects on 

attention and psychomotor speed or executive 

function. 

Haskap berries and exercise 

endurance 

In 2022, researchers put haskap berries to the test in a gold-standard 

double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 30 recreational male 

runners. For a week, participants consumed either 6 g of freeze-dried 

haskap powder or a calorie-matched placebo mixed into yogurt. They 

then completed treadmill tests designed to measure endurance and 

performance. 

The results showed that the runners who had taken haskap 

performed better, lasting about 20 seconds longer before exhaustion 

and running a 5 km time trial 21 seconds faster. This represented 

It is thought anthocyanins exert their beneficial 

brain protective effects by combating 

neuroinflammation, improving brain blood 

flow, protecting brain cells from neurotoxins 

in addition to their antioxidant activity. 

Clinical evidence for haskap berries 

While anthocyanin science is well established, 

clinical trials specifically investigating 

haskap are only now beginning to emerge. 

Two randomized controlled studies provide 

early but compelling evidence: 


15


Conclusion 

Haskap berries are an exciting, new and very tasty addition to the 

range of berries available to the health-conscious consumer with 

growing scientific evidence as an anthocyanin-rich food. With early 

clinical trials showing benefits for cognition, blood pressure and exercise 

performance, and more underway, this fruit may soon join the 

ranks of established “superberries” in supporting healthy aging, 

metabolic health, and exercise endurance. 

around a 2 % improvement in performance—a meaningful gain 

for athletes. Scientists believe these benefits are linked to haskap’s 

unusually high levels of anthocyanins and polyphenols, compounds 

known to improve blood vessel function, reduce exercise-related 

oxidative stress, and help control inflammation. 

This study provides promising evidence supporting haskap berries 

as a functional food capable of enhancing aerobic exercise performance 

in humans. 

See: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DUV3LawqVk 

Together, these trials indicate that haskap may offer targeted benefits 

for both cognitive and cardiac health plus physical performance, 

two domains highly relevant to aging populations and active individuals 

alike. 


Dr Evie Kemp, MBBS MSc FFOM, Research Director, Haskapa 

a UK-based wellness food company specialising in haskap berry powders and 

juices, with a focus on the science-backed health benefits of anthocyanins. 

https://www.haskapa.com/ 

References 

1. Gołba M, Sokół-Łętowska A, Kucharska AZ. Health properties and composition of honeysuckle 

berry Lonicera caerulea L. An update on recent studies. Molecules. 2020;25(3):749. 

2. Shimoyama Y, editor. The hascup – An introduction. Hokkaido Government, IBURI 

Subprefectural Office, Department of Industrial Promotion, Agricultural Affairs Division; 

2008. Available from: http://www.iburi.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/num/hasukappu.htm 

3. Thompson MM. Introducing haskap, Japanese blue honeysuckle. J Am Pomol Soc. 

2006;60(4):164–8. 

4. Rupasinghe HPV, Arumuggam N, Amararathna M, De Silva ABKH. The potential health 

benefits of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.): Role of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. J Funct Foods. 

2018;44:24–39. 

5. De Silva ABKH, Rupasinghe HPV. Polyphenols composition and antidiabetic properties in 

vitro of haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berries in relation to cultivar and harvesting date. J 

Food Compos Anal. 2020;88:103402. 

6. Igwe E, Charlton K, Probst Y. Usual dietary anthocyanin intake, sources and their association 

with blood pressure in a representative sample of Australian adults. J Hum Nutr Diet. 

2019;32:10.1111/jhn.12647. 

7. Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, Krikorian R, Stull AJ, Tremblay F, Zamora-Ros R. Recent 

research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins. Adv Nutr. 2019 Jul 

22;nmz065. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz065 

8. Cassidy A, Mukamal KJ, Liu L, Franz M, Eliassen AH, Rimm EB. High anthocyanin intake 

is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged 

women. Circulation. 2013;127(2):188–96. 

9. Cassidy A, Bertoia M, Chiuve S, Flint A, Forman J, Rimm EB. Habitual intake of anthocyanins 

and flavanones and risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 

2016;104:587–94. 

10. Cassidy A, O’Reilly ÉJ, Kay C, Sampson L, Franz M, Forman JP, et al. Habitual intake of flavonoid 

subclasses and incident hypertension in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(2):338–47. 

11. Devore EE, Kang JH, Breteler MM, Grodstein F. Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids 

in relation to cognitive decline. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(1):135–43. 

12. Ahles S, Joris PJ, Plat J. Effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance, vascular 

function and cardiometabolic risk markers: A systematic review of randomized placebocontrolled 

intervention studies in humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(12):6482. 

13. Jacques PF, Au R, Blumberg JB, Rogers GT, Shishtar E. Long-term dietary flavonoid intake 

and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. 

Am J Clin Nutr. 2020. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa079. 

14. Biswas D, Sarkar S, De Silva ABKH, D’Souza K, Kienesberger P, Rupasinghe HPV, 

Pulinilkunnil T. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside rich extract from haskap berry improves glucose 

homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Can J Diabetes. 

2018;42(5):S55. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.08.16. 

15. Bell L, Williams CM. A pilot dose–response study of the acute effects of haskap berry 

extract (Lonicera caerulea L.) on cognition, mood, and blood pressure in older adults. Eur J 

Nutr. 2018. doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1877-9. 

16. Howatson G, Snaith GC, Kimble R, Cowper G, Keane KM. Improved endurance 

running performance following haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea L.) ingestion. Nutrients. 

2022;14(4):780. doi:10.3390/nu14040780. 



Chondro’Sea ® : A marine ingredient 

improving joint pain and mobility in middleaged 

adults – a new real-life study 

Nadia Zebboudji, Annabelle Caillet 

Joint pain, primarily associated with 

age-related osteoarthritis, is steadily 

increasing worldwide as the population 

aged over 60 is expected to double by 

2050 1 . Chronic joint discomfort typically 

begins in the late 40s, leading to 

cartilage degradation, joint inflammation, 

and a lasting impact on overall 

well-being 2,3 . By helping joint pain 

and enhancing mobility in middleaged 

adults, Chondro’Sea ® emerges 

as an innovative and natural solution 

supported by strong scientific evidence. 

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition 

that affects around 500 million people 

worldwide, with the knee being the most 

commonly impacted joint 3 . With aging, 

chronic joint discomfort can create a negative 

cycle in which reduced mobility leads 

to weight gain, further contributing to the 

persistence and worsening of joint pain (Figure 1). The management 

of this condition typically relies on a combination of preventive 

strategies and symptomatic treatments. Among these, chondroitin 

Fig. 1: Joint discomfort cycle and Chondro'Sea ® activity. 

*This activity has not been evaluated in the real-life study 


17


sulfate — a sulfated glycosaminoglycan and key structural component 

of articular cartilage — has been widely recognized for its role in 

supporting joint health 3,4 . It helps protect the cartilage matrix by stimulating 

proteoglycan synthesis and reducing the catabolic activity of 

chondrocytes 5 . 

While the clinical effects of chondroitin sulfate (CS) on joint comfort 

have been widely investigated, inconsistencies in the literature are 

mainly attributed to differences in CS source (terrestrial or marine) 

and purity. In addition, most studies have relied on relatively high 

pharmacological doses (above 900 mg per day), which may limit the 

relevance of such findings for dietary supplementation. To address 

these limitations, a real-life study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy 

of Chondro’Sea ® , a marine chondroitin sulfate derived from 

specifically hydrolyzed fish cartilage, on joint pain and daily mobility, 

using validated questionnaires and smartwatch-based monitoring. 

Chondro’Sea ® alleviates joint pain 

In a real-life study involving 180 middle-aged individuals experiencing 

joint discomfort, Chondro’Sea ® , at the daily dose of 450 mg, 

demonstrated a significant effect in reducing joint pain after 12 weeks 

of supplementation compared to placebo. The WOMAC (Western 

Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) total score 

improved by 32 %, while the WOMAC pain subscale showed a 34 % 

improvement. Similar benefits were observed for the WOMAC function 

and WOMAC stiffness subscales, which improved by 32 % and 

29 %, respectively (Figure 2). 

To complement the self-reported outcomes observed in this real-life 

study, participants’ daily mobility was continuously monitored using 

a smartwatch. After 90 days of supplementation, 80 % of participants 

showed an increase in their average 

daily step count, while 77 % recorded more 

active minutes. Notably, all smartwatchderived 

mobility parameters were significantly 

improved compared to placebo 

(Figure 3). By the end of the study, individuals 

supplemented with Chondro’Sea ® 

walked an average of 142 additional steps 

per day compared to baseline — equivalent 

to approximately 650 extra meters per week. 

Daily movements also became easier, with a 

40 % improvement in the ability to sit and a 

34 % improvement in putting on or removing 

socks, as assessed by the WOMAC questionnaire. 

In line with these findings, at the end 

of the study, seven out of ten participants 

reported smoother movements, and more 

than 60 % felt more active in their daily lives. 

Reflecting this overall pain reduction, joint pain while walking 

decreased by 34 %, and night pain was reduced by 41 % after 12 

weeks of supplementation. 

Chondro’Sea ® improves daily mobility 

Fig. 3: Smartwatch-monitored parameters on mobility and sleep, 

after 12 weeks of supplementation with Chondro'Sea ® compared to placebo. 

* p ≤ 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 

Fig. 2: WOMAC and WOMAC subscales scores, change from baseline after 12 weeks of supplementation with Chondro’Sea ® 

compared to placebo. *p ≤ 0.05 



Question: During the past 

four weeks, 

Have you been limited in 

your activities as a result of 

your physical health? 

Chondro’Sea ® enhances overall 

well-being 

As previously discussed, joint discomfort 

can significantly affect overall well-being by 

limiting daily activities, interfering with work, 

and restricting social engagement. In this 

study, sleep quality was also monitored using 

the smartwatch. After 12 weeks of supplementation 

with Chondro’Sea ® , participants 

slept an average of nine additional minutes 

per night, equivalent to gaining one extra night 

of sleep every two months. This improvement, 

which was significantly greater than 

with placebo, is likely linked to the reduced 

pain at night, which was reported by 52 % of 

participants in the WOMAC questionnaire. 

When asked about the impact of joint 

discomfort on their daily lives, participants 

supplemented with Chondro’Sea ® reported 

feeling less limited in their everyday activities, 

less affected in their social interactions, 

and less constrained in their professional 

and household tasks (Table 1). 

Sum of positive answers 

(All the time, Most of the time, 

Some of the time) 

Baseline 

After 90 days of 

supplementation 

with Chondro’Sea © 

48 % 25 % 

Chondro’Sea ® – Redefining joint health for an 

active future 

In the context of healthy aging, osteoarthritis remains a major challenge, 

affecting 500 million people worldwide and often locking individuals 

into a detrimental cycle: reduced mobility leads to weight 

gain, worsening joint pain, and further limiting movement. This cycle 

not only compromises physical function but also impacts overall wellbeing, 

from daily activities to restorative sleep. 

Chondro’Sea ® breaks this cycle by alleviating pain, improving joint 

comfort, mobility, and quality of life, and promoting a positive loop 

of movement for aging well. It empowers individuals to maintain an 

active lifestyle, preserve independence, and age with confidence. 

For those seeking a natural, science-backed solution to support 

joint health and an active lifestyle, Chondro’Sea ® is the ideal choice. 

Whether you aim to maintain mobility, preserve autonomy, or simply 

enjoy life without limitations, Chondro’Sea ® helps you achieve lasting 

joint comfort and a fulfilling future. 

References 

1. World Health Organization. Ageing and health. Wold Health Organization. October 1, 

2024. Accessed June 4, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageingand-health#:~:text=By%202030%2C%201%20in%206,will%20double%20(2.1%20 

billion). 

2. World Health Organization. Osteoarthritis. Wold Health Organization. July 2023. Accessed 

September 1, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/osteoarthritis 

3. INSERM. Arthrose La maladie articulaire la plus répandue. Inserm From science to 

health. November 14, 2022. Accessed September 1, 2025. https://www.inserm.fr/dossier/ 

arthrose/ 

4. Brito R, Costa D, Dias C, Cruz P, Barros P. Chondroitin Sulfate Supplements for Osteoarthritis: 

A Critical Review. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40192. 

5. Martel-Pelletier J, Kwan Tat S, Pelletier JP. Effects of chondroitin sulfate in the pathophysiology 

of the osteoarthritic joint: a narrative review. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 

2010;18:S7-S11. 

Have you been limited in 

your work or other daily 

activities as a result of your 

physical pain? 

Have you been bothered in 

your social life as a result 

of your physical health? 

60 % 33 % 

42 % 15 % 


Pharmanager Ingredients 

Angers – France 

Alexis Olson 

contact@pharmanager.com 

www.pharmanager-ingredients.com 

Table 1: Questions on limitations in daily activities. Sum of positive answers 

at baseline and after 90 days of supplementation with Chondro'Sea ® 

Finally, 73 % of participants considered 

Chondro’Sea ® effective, while 72 % were 

satisfied with its use and express willingness 

to purchase the supplement. 


19

Creatine 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Anastasiia 

Creatine – between performance enhancement 

and chemical instability: A closer look 

at the trendy raw material 

Laura Ingenlath 

Hardly any other active ingredient has had such a lasting 

impact on the sports nutrition and dietary supplement 

industry over the past two decades as creatine. Originally 

established as a performance-enhancing ingredient 

in strength sports, the substance has long since become a 

perennial favorite among supplements – with growing popularity 

even in non-athletic applications. At the same time, 

creatine repeatedly poses technological and safety-related 

challenges for product development. This is because the 

substance is considered chemically unstable and can quickly 

break down into creatinine in unfavorable environments – 

a substance that can potentially strain the kidneys in high 

concentrations. This article highlights the mechanism of 

action, the scientifically proven benefits, and the critical 

aspects surrounding stability and safety. 

Biochemical fundament of creatine 

Creatine (N-(aminomethyl)guanidineacetic acid) is a compound 

produced naturally in the body from the amino acids arginine, 

glycine, and methionine. Approximately 95 % of creatine is found in 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Kzenon 


Creatine 

skeletal muscle, where it serves as an energy 

store. In the form of phosphocreatine, it 

plays a central role in the rapid regeneration 

of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the 

universal source of energy for cells (Kreider 

et al., 2021). 

Through the transfer of phosphate from 

phosphocreatine to adenosine diphosphate 

(ADP), the body can rapidly regenerate ATP 

stores during short-term, intense exercise 

(e. g., sprinting, weightlifting). This explains 

the performance-enhancing effect of creatine 

supplementation, especially during 

repeated short, intense exercise (Wang, 

Zhang, Chen & Xu, 2024). 

Proven effects – from muscle 

strength to neuroprotection 

intensively researched nutrients in modern 

nutritional science. 

Chemical challenges in product 

development 

Despite its convincing physiological effects, 

creatine poses considerable challenges 

from a technological perspective. Creatine 

is chemically unstable in aqueous solution. 

Even at slightly acidic pH values 

(below 7) or elevated temperatures, it spontaneously 

decomposes into creatinine, a 

cyclic compound that is biologically inactive 

(Hone, Dagher, Eckerson & Stout, 2017). 

This degradation process proceeds faster the 

lower the pH value or the higher the temperature. 

In beverage preparations or liquid 

supplements, the half-life of creatine can 

The effectiveness of creatine is one of the 

best documented in the field of sports nutrition. 

Numerous meta-analyses confirm a 

significant increase in muscle strength and 

mass when taken in combination with resistance 

training (Burke, Candow & Chilibeck, 

2023; Wang, Zhang, Chen & Xu, 2024). In 

addition, recent studies show that creatine is 

not only relevant for athletes: 

Neurological effects: Creatine appears to 

have cell-protective effects in the brain by 

stabilizing neuronal energy stores. Initial clinical 

data suggest potential benefits in neurodegenerative 

diseases such as Parkinson’s 

or ALS (Kreider et al., 2021; Xu, Li, Wang & 

Zhang, 2024; Candido, Candow & Forbes, 

2025). 

FORTIBONE ® – 

the missing piece 

in bone health 

management 

– Increases bone mineral density 

– Stimulates bone collagen formation 

– No side effects 

Clinical nutrition: In geriatric populations, 

creatine supplementation may help reduce 

sarcopenia and improve muscle strength 

in old age (Sharifian, Taghian & Alizadeh, 

2025; Gutiérrez-Hellín, Varillas-Delgado & 

Mielgo-Ayuso, 2024; Candow, Forbes & 

Chilibeck, 2024). 

Regeneration and cell protection: Creatine 

reduces oxidative cell damage and has an 

anti-inflammatory effect, which may also 

be important for convalescence (Candido, 

Candow & Forbes, 2025). This versatility 

makes creatine one of the most exciting and 

GELITA AG 

Uferstr. 7 · 69412 Eberbach · Germany · www.gelita.com

Creatine 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/designua 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Antonio 

therefore be only a few hours. For manufacturers, this means that 

formulations with creatine monohydrate are hardly stable in liquid 

form in the long term. 

Solutions for stabilization include pH-buffered forms of creatine such 

as creatine citrate, malate, or the heavily marketed “Kre-Alkalyn,” 

as well as microencapsulation technologies that physically protect 

creatine from moisture and acidic environments (Hone, Dagher, 

Eckerson & Stout, 2017; Escalante, Whitehurst & Wilborn, 2022). 

Although alternative forms sometimes offer better stability, creatine 

monohydrate remains the gold standard in terms of bioavailability 

and evidence (Escalante, Whitehurst & Wilborn, 2022). 

Creatinine formation and 

potential risks 

Creatinine, the breakdown product of 

creatine, is a normal component of energy 

metabolism in the human body and is 

excreted by the kidneys. Elevated creatinine 

levels are clinically considered a marker of 

impaired kidney function—which often leads 

to the mistaken assumption that creatine 

itself can damage the kidneys. 

However, studies show a more nuanced 

picture: in healthy indivi duals with normal 

kidney function, taking up to five grams of 

creatine per day, even over longer periods 

of time, does not lead to kidney impairment 

(Vega, Da Costa & Gonçalves, 2019; Lugaresi 

et al., 2013). Elevated serum creatinine 

concentrations, as often observed after 

supplementation, are usually due to the 

natural breakdown process of creatine and 

do not indicate renal insufficiency (Zhou, 

Zhang & Sun, 2024). In risk groups, however, 

such as people with existing kidney disease, 

high blood pressure, or diabetes mellitus, 

supplementation should only be carried out 

under medical supervision. Overall, despite 

its chemical instability, creatine is considered 

safe when used properly and stored under 

appropriate conditions. 


Creatine 

energy processes has been proven beyond doubt—as has its instability 

in aqueous or acidic media. For manufacturers and professional 

users, this means finding the balance between effectiveness and 

stability. Product innovations that protect creatine in its active form 

while ensuring high bioavailability will be particularly forward-looking. 

Creatine is therefore not only a lasting trend, but also a touchstone for 

scientifically sound product development and quality awareness in 

the dietary supplement industry. 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Marlon 

Quality and transparency as future 

topics for the industry 

The instability of creatine poses particular 

challenges for the supplement industry in 

terms of quality assurance and consumer 

education. Controlling the purity of raw materials 

and the creatinine content in the final 

formulation plays a particularly important 

role here. It is equally important to prevent 

moisture from entering during production 

in order to prevent the chemical decomposition 

of the substance. A clear declaration 

of the creatine form used and precise 

instructions for proper use are also crucial 

to ensure efficacy and safety. Future developments 

could increasingly rely on innovative 

technolo gies such as microencapsulation, 

pH-stable complexes, or time-release 

systems to optimize the stability and bioavailability 

of creatine (Hone, Dagher, Eckerson 

& Stout, 2017). At the same time, there is 

growing interest in combinations with other 

functional ingredients, such as beta-alanine 

or electrolytes, in order to specifically exploit 

synergistic effects. 

Creatine remains a prime example of a 

scientifically well-researched but technologically 

challenging nutrient. Its effect on 

muscle strength, regeneration, and cellular 

References 

Burke, R., Candow, D. G., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2023). The effects of creatine supplementation 

combined with resistance training on regional measures of muscle hypertrophy: A 

systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15(8), 1841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 

nu15081841 

Candido, F. R., Candow, D. G., & Forbes, S. C. (2025). Creatine supplementation and the 

muscle-brain axis: A narrative review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1579204. https://doi. 

org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1579204 

Candow, D. G., Forbes, S. C., & Chilibeck, P. D. (2024). Does one dose of creatine supplementation 

fit all? A relative dosing strategy of 0.10–0.14 g/kg/day appears viable. Sports 

Medicine and Health Science, 6(2), 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2024.100315 

Escalante, G., Whitehurst, M., & Wilborn, C. (2022). Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and 

cost of alternative forms of creatine. Heliyon, 8(10), e11012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 

heliyon.2022.e11012 

Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Varillas-Delgado, D., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2024). Creatine supplementation 

beyond athletics: Benefits of creatine monohydrate in women, vegans and clinical 

populations. Nutrients, 17(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010095 

Hone, M., Dagher, J., Eckerson, J. M., & Stout, J. R. (2017). Plasma creatine kinetics after 

ingestion of microencapsulated creatine monohydrate with enhanced stability in aqueous 

solutions. Amino Acids, 49(3), 551–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2373-8 

Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., … & 

Campbell, B. (2021). Creatine in health and disease. Nutrients, 13(2), 447. https://doi. 

org/10.3390/nu13020447 

Lugaresi, R., Leme, M., de Salles Painelli, V., de Oliveira, G. V., Benatti, F. B., Roschel, H., … 

& Gualano, B.(2013). Does long-term creatine supplementation impair kidney function in 

resistance-trained individuals consuming a high-protein diet? Journal of the International 

Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-10-26 

Sharifian, G., Taghian, F., & Alizadeh, S. (2025). Impact of creatine supplementation and 

exercise training in older adults: A meta-analysis. European Review of Aging and Physical 

Activity, 22(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-025-00384-9 

Vega, M. V., Da Costa, T. S., & Gonçalves, M. C. (2019). Effects of creatine supplementation 

on renal function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International 

Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0291-7 

Wang, Z., Zhang, L., Chen, X., & Xu, J. (2024). Effects of creatine supplementation and 

resistance training on muscle strength in adults: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine Open, 

10(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-024-00673-9 

Xu, C., Li, J., Wang, T., & Zhang, S. (2024). The effects of creatine supplementation on 

cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 

11275561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.11275561 

Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., & Sun, S. (2024). Exploring the relationship between creatine levels 

and renal function: A Mendelian randomisation study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 11232645. 

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.11232645 


Laura Ingenlath, MSc Nutrition Therapy 

laura.ingenlath@outlook.de 


23


Photo © : Gnosis by Lesaffre 

Healthy aging with active ingredients 

Lacey Hall, MS, RD 

The world population is growing older. The number of 

people aged 60 or over is expected to reach more than 2.1 

billion by 2050 (almost 25 % of the worldwide population). 

Consumers are increasingly aware of the term ‘healthspan’ 

and are seeking supplements that can be easily incorporated 

into a health-oriented lifestyle to maintain good health for 

decades. Vitamins are essential for maintaining health, and 

two—vitamins K2 and B9 (folate)—are crucial for supporting 

numerous biological activities. 

The challenge for millions of consumers is that most diets lack sufficient 

K2 and folate. Additionally, many multivitamins are formulated 

with K1, not K2, and provide folic acid, not folate. Therefore, many 

healthy adults tend to be deficient in these specific forms of vitamin. 

Why B9 and K2? 

Healthy middle-aged and older adults tend to be most concerned 

about maintaining cardiovascular health and cognitive functioning. 

Vitamin K2, as MenaQ7 ® , and Vitamin B9, as 

Quatrefolic ® , are clinically proven to support 

both cardiovascular and brain health. 

Vitamin B9 5-methyltetrahydrofolate 

(5-MTHF) is the active reduced form of folate 

that is superior to folic acid, the standard 

synthetic B9, which needs to be converted 

by the body into folate. Millions of people 

with the 5-MTHFR mutation (C677 % polymorphism) 

cannot complete the conversion 

of folic acid into folate, thereby reducing the 

amount of folate that their bodies utilize. 

Many studies confirm that folate deficiency 

can promote oxidative stress and increase 

the risk of conditions that may imply hyperhomocysteinemia, 

vascular issues, and 

cognitive dysfunction. Meanwhile, optimal 



folate levels may reduce the risk of endothelial 

dysfunction in inflammatory conditions. 

B6 or a conventional vitamin supplement with a high dose of folic 

acid (5 mg/day). The results showed a significant reduction in homocysteine 

compared to baseline in the folate-B6 group. Further, the 

researchers found that nearly 56 % of the folate-B6 group achieved 

ideal homocysteine levels. [1] 

Vitamin K2 was the subject of a landmark human clinical study. In 

the study, 244 postmenopausal women who supplemented with 

180 mcg of K2 (as MenaQ7 ® ) or a placebo daily for 3 years showed 

remarkable results in reversing an age-related characteristic— 

arterial stiffness. Using ultrasound and pulse-wave velocity measurements, 

researchers found that carotid artery distensibility was 

significantly improved in the MenaQ7 ® group, particularly in women 

with high arterial stiffness. MenaQ7 ® has been shown to accomplish 

this through activating the K-dependent protein Matrix Gla Protein 

(MGP). [2] 

Vitamin K2 (as menaquinone-7) activates 

inert vitamin K-dependent proteins osteocalcin 

and matrix Gla protein (MGP). By activating 

(or carboxylating) these proteins, K2 

helps the body to utilize calcium optimally, 

directing it to the bones where it is needed 

and away from the cardiovascular arteries, 

where it can result in reduced blood flow. 

B9 and K2 for cardiovascular support 

Quatrefolic ® active folate has been shown 

to help reduce homocysteine levels. In one 

study, hypertensive participants consumed 

either 400 μg of Quatrefolic ® plus vitamins 

Another study showed that activating MGP with MenaQ7 ® supplementation 

enhances cardiovascular artery endothelial function, 

thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This supports 

healthy blood pressure. [3] 

B9 and K2 for cognitive function 

An analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination 

Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 found that elevated intake of 

several nutrients, including Vitamin K and Folate (Vitamin B9), was 

associated with higher cognitive elasticity (functioning) in men and 

women over 65. The results of this analysis, conducted by Pharmavite 

LLC, the maker of Nature Made ® vitamins, demonstrate the criti cal 

need for supplementation with these vitamins, as there remains a 

sub-optimal intake among adults in the US. [4] 

Folate (vitamin B9) deficiency has been linked to accelerated cognitive 

function decline and might serve as a marker for assessing brain 


25


health in older individuals. Research has indicated that low serum 

folate levels significantly increase the risk of severe cognitive decline, 

with approximately 30 % of adults aged 65 and older exhibiting insufficient 

folate levels. [5] 

Early and prolonged B-vitamin supplementation, particularly with 

folate, has been shown to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and 

memory impairment effectively. [6,7] One study showed that the 

combination of vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered blood homocysteine 

levels and improved cognitive scores. [8] Quatrefolic ® is the only 

folate form (5-MTHF) that can cross the blood-brain barrier and thus 

more efficiently support brain function. 

Vitamin K2 is the predominant form of vitamin K in the brain, with 

higher levels correlating with improved cognitive performance. [9] 

Research has shown that Vitamin K2 supports a healthy vascular 

structure within the brain. Additionally, Vitamin K2 has a positive 

impact on the brain through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant 

actions, as well as by supporting healthy mitochondrial function. 

MenaQ7 ® supplementation enhances arterial elasticity, crucial 

for optimal brain function. [2] 

Key vitamins for skin and bone 

Other aspects of aging that are often top of mind for healthy adults 

include skin appearance/health, as well as for women, reducing the 

risk of bone deterioration. 

New research substantiates Quatrefolic ® 5-MTHF as a nutrient that 

supports healthy skin, protecting against damage to specific components 

in the skin’s structure. 

In the new study, dermal fibroblasts were exposed to UVA irradiation 

to mimic sun exposure. Cells were treated with 5-MTHF (as 

Quatrefolic ® ) pre- or post-UVA irradiation. In post-treatment, the 

cells were first exposed to UVA and then treated with 5-MTHF. The 

researchers found that 5-MTHF showed dose-dependent uptake by 

dermal fibroblasts, remaining stable for up to 48 hours, promoting 

proper cellular repair. Additionally, 5-MTHF provided significant 

protection against UVA-induced oxidative stress. [10] 

Vitamin K2 may support healthy bone structure due to its ability to 

activate osteocalcin. A groundbreaking study demonstrated that 

healthy postmenopausal women who consumed K2 (as MenaQ7 ® ) at 

180 mcg daily for three years exhibited remarkable benefits to their 

bone integrity. They showed reduced age-related declines in bone 

mineral content and density at critical areas, such as the lumbar 

spine and femoral neck, which are crucial for reducing fracture risk, 

maintaining mobility, and enhancing overall quality of life. [11] 

This was substantiated in a systematic review of RCTs involving 1,346 

subjects, which found that the combination of vitamin K and calcium 

significantly improved lumbar spine bone 

mineral density and reduced levels of undercarboxylated 

osteocalcin. [12] 

Formulation-friendly B9 and K2 

Some forms of raw material vitamins may be 

challenging to work with to achieve full doses 

in supplements that consumers prefer over 

tablets and capsules. Both Quatrefolic ® and 

MenaQ7 ® have been engineered to expand 

delivery format options. 

Quatrefolic ® provides the body with the 

most bioavailable form of folate, 5-MTHF, 

in a glucosamine salt, which offers superior 

stability and bioavailability, ensuring the 

body can utilize folate efficiently and quickly. 

Furthermore, Quatrefolic ® is water-soluble, 

which significantly improves bioavailability, 

and it is more soluble in water than calciumsalt 

folates. 

Quatrefolic ® Fine Powder and Quatrefolic ® 

PRO were introduced for formulation in 2025. 

For use in liquid supplements, Quatrefolic ® 

Fine Powder delivers active folate in tiny 

particles and is specifically designed for oily 

liquid suspensions, oral sprays, and complex 

soft gels. It is also patent-pending for use in 

oily liquid products. Quatrefolic ® PRO offers 

the highest oral bioavailability, flowability/ 


smoothness, stability, and purity, particularly 

in high-humidity environments. 

MenaQ7 ® Matrix is an award-winning technology 

that protects K2 particles without 

coating, additives, or additional ingredients, 

providing a more predictable formulation 

process for complex K2 products. It ensures 

the stability of K2 in complex formulations 

and in harsh conditions. Furthermore, a 

study has demonstrated that MenaQ7 ® 

Matrix remains stable for up to 24 months. 

This clean-label K2 disperses easily in liquids 

and can be used in powders and sachets. 

Conclusion 

The term ‘healthy aging’ may have various 

specific meanings depending on the individual. 

Still, typical desires among generally 

healthy middle-aged adults include maintaining 

good cardiovascular and brain function, 

as well as youthful skin. For women, 

ensuring a healthy bone structure as they 

age is also a priority. Both vitamins B9 and 

K2 can help achieve these goals. 

References 

1. Mazza A, et al. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2016 

Jul-Sep; 30(3):921–927. 

2. Knapen MHJ, et al. Thromb Haemost. 2015 

May;113(5):1135-44. 

3. Vermeer C and Vik H. 2020 Vascul Dis Ther, 5: doi: 

10.15761/VDT.1000179. 

4. Devarshi PP, et al. BMC Nutr. 2023 Dec 5;9(1):142. 

5. O’Connor DMA, et al. Euro J Clin Nut. 2022;76,950-957. 

6. Wang Z, et al. Nutr Rev 2022 Mar 10;80(4):931-949. 

7. Xu M, et al. J Evid Based Med. 2024 Mar;17(1):134-144. 

8. Lee C-Y, et al. Aging (Albany NY). 2024 May 

2;16(9):7856-7869. 

9. Booth S, et al. Alzheimer's Dement. 2022; 8:e12255. 

10. Barbarossa S, et al. Novel Approaches for Skin Health 

10 June 2025. 

11. Knapen MHJ, et al. Osteoporos Int. 2013 Sep;24(9):2499- 

507. 

12. Hu L, et al. J Orthop Surg Res 2021 Oct 14 ;16(1):592. 


Lacey Hall, MS, RD Global Medical Affairs 

Director at Gnosis by Lesaffre, 

l.hall@gnosis.lesaffre.com, 

www.gnosisbylesaffre.com 

No. 3 November/December 2025


Photo © : Shutterstock/Ground Picture 

Healthy nutrition from the very start 

How human milk oligosaccharides and chicory-root prebiotics 

can support gut microbiota in early childhood 

Research into the role of the gut microbiota in the first years 

of life is advancing rapidly. Here, a key question is how nutrition 

for infants and young children can be brought closer to 

the gold standard of breast milk. In this context, the spotlight 

is on its key component: the human milk oligosaccharide 

(HMO) 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL). Together with biotechnology 

provider WACKER, BENEO launched this HMO worldwide 

in 2025, backed by scientific evidence for its efficacy 

in combination with plant-based prebiotics. 

Nutritional impact on microbiome 

Babies are born with an immature immune system and a virtually 

sterile gut. The shaping of this innate and adaptive system is strongly 

influenced by the bacteria that colonise the gut in the first weeks and 

months of life, and go on to form the gut microbiota. The gut is an 

important factor in overall well-being and disease prevention, as it not 

only impacts digestion but also numerous regulatory processes in the 

body. Latest research reveals that healthy gut flora affects the entire 

body and mood via the “gut–brain axis”. 

Nutrition during infancy can therefore have 

a lifelong impact. 

HMOs form a structurally and biologically 

diverse group of indigestible complex carbohydrates 

and are the third major component 

of breast milk, alongside lactose and lipids. As 

naturally occurring prebiotics, they support 

the development of the gut flora and the 

infant’s immune system. HMOs contribute to 

overall wellbeing by, for example, promoting 

metabolism and neurological growth. Of the 

more than 200 HMOs identified to date, 2′-FL 

accounts for the largest share in breast milk 

- on average about 3 g/L - and is the most 

studied. Galactose and glucose (lactose) 

form the main part of this trisaccharide, to 

which a fucose molecule is attached. 



Great potential for infant formula 

manufacturers 

With 2′-FL, BENEO is expanding its portfolio 

of health-promoting ingredients for infants, 

toddlers and adults, thanks to a global strategic 

partnership with WACKER. The European 

specialist in biotechnological solutions 

for the food and pharmaceutical industries 

is responsible for biotechnological production 

via precision fermentation, while BENEO 

combines extensive commercialisation and 

scientific expertise. 

The value of the global baby food market is 

expected to show a compound annual growth 

rate of nearly 6 per cent for 2023-2028. At 

the same time, market researchers forecast 

that the global HMO market will grow from 

around USD 180 million in 2022 to almost 

USD 900 million by 2032, corresponding to 

an annual growth rate of more than 17 per 

cent [1]. In addition, higher HMO levels in 

relevant products are expected [2] to get 

closer to the prebiotic dosing found in breast 

milk, thus further increasing the market relevance 

of these ingredients. 

marked effects. However, the combination of fructans and 2’-FL led 

to additive or synergistic effects and enhanced the production of the 

beneficial metabolite butyrate, an important fuel for gut cells. This 

correlated with an increase in beneficial bacteria, including Faecalibacterium 

and other members of the Lachnospiraceae family. In 

addition, the novel prebiotic combination supported the bifidogenic 

effect – i. e. the growth of bifidobacteria – although the exact composition 

depended on the individual’s baseline microbiota. This underscores 

the potential of personalised nutrition concepts. 

Dr. Stephan Theis, Head of Nutrition Science and Communication at 

BENEO and a contributor to the study, explains: “The results show 

that combination products with chicory-root prebiotics and the HMO 

2’FL can support the development of a healthy gut microbiota more 

effectively than 2’-FL alone. When breastfeeding is not possible, or 

during the transition from breast milk to complementary feeding, 

such formulations offer a scientifically grounded way to specifically 

promote microbiome development in infants.” 

For the industry, this means that combinations of 2’-FL and 

chicory-root fructans can not only improve the nutritional quality of 

infant formula but also offer strong potential for differentiation in a 

competitive market. Such formulations bring products closer to the 

gold standard of breast milk and give manufacturers optimal market 

opportunities with innovative concepts in a rapidly growing segment. 

Better together: chicory-root 

pre biotics and HMOs 

When comparing the composition of breast 

milk with commercial infant formula, the 

latter often lacks the prebiotic component. 

Manufacturers can address this “gap” by 

fortifying with prebiotic bioactive ingredients. 

A recent preclinical study shows that 

the combination of chicory-root prebiotics 

with HMO 2’-FL shows great potential [3]. 

Conducted in cooperation with ETH Zurich, 

stool samples from toddlers were examined 

using the PolyFermS ® long-term fermentation 

model. This advanced technology 

preserves the individual microbial composition 

and diversity of the donors. At the same 

time, the model simulates colonic dynamics 

and enables donor-specific, reproducible 

insights into the fermentation processes 

taking place. 

The analysis showed that chicory-root 

fructans alone led to pronounced changes 

in the microbiome, whereas 2’-FL had less 

Photo © : Shutterstock/279photo Studio 


29


3 questions for Dr. Stephan Theis, Head of Nutrition Science and 

Communication, BENEO 

What is driving the current demand for HMOs? 

Parents today are significantly better informed than a few years ago. 

They compare ingredients, look for scientific evidence and seek 

products that come as close as possible to breast milk. HMOs meet 

this precise need as their importance is supported by solid research. 

In addition, HMOs are being discussed in a broader context - such as 

immune support or cognitive development, both of which are topics 

that are of particular importance for parents. 

What is the regulatory situation for HMOs? 

Because HMOs are mainly used in early childhood nutrition for babies 

and toddlers, the requirements for regulatory approval are particularly 

stringent. All applications in this area must meet strict scientific, 

technical and process standards. These include detailed information 

on the production process and source organism, specifications and 

quality controls, the intended type of use and the use levels by age 

group, supported by toxicological and clinical safety data. 

How do you see the long-term development of the HMO market? 

In the coming years, the goal will be to unlock the potential of HMOs 

beyond their classic use in infant formula. Possible applications 

include toddler products, medical nutrition or even preventive health 

for adults. In parallel, combinations with plant-based prebiotics or 

other functional ingredients will play a greater role. In the long term, 

HMOs could become an integral part of health-oriented nutrition 

concepts – well beyond early childhood. There are good arguments 

for using HMOs in products for adults as well: 

clinical data from a randomized, controlled 

study from 2023, for example, show an 

increase in bifidobacteria in the gut achieved 

by taking a combination of 2’-FL and inulintype 

fructans [4]. This was accompanied by 

noticeable improvements in mood among 

healthy adults with mild to moderate anxiety 

and depression. These results underscore 

the potential of combining chicory-root 

prebiotics with HMOs and could also open 

up new opportunities in the growing dietary 

supplement market. 

References 

[1] Spherical Insights (2023). https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/12/06/2791573/0/en/Global-Human-Milk-Oligosaccharides-HMO- 

Market-Size-To-Exceed-USD-896-91-Million-By-2032-CAGR-of-17-34.html 

[2] On July 30, 2024, an EU regulation (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2102) was published that changes the maximum use levels for 

2’-fucosyllactose. The permitted use levels for 2’-FL were increased from 1.2 g/L to 3.0 g/L (infant formula) and 3.64 g/L (follow-on formula). 

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202402102 

[3] Pudenz M, Theis S, Bircher L, van Harsselaar J, Lacroix C (2025) Identification of Synergistic Effects of Fructan and HMO Combinations on Toddler Gut 

Microbiota Using an In Vitro Model of Intestinal Fermentation (POLYFERMS ® ). ESPGHAN 57 th Annual Meeting Abstracts. JPGN Reports 6(S1):S1610. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jpr3.70024 

[4] Jackson PP, Wijeyesekera A, Williams CM, Theis S, van Harsselaar J, Rastall RA. Inulin-type fructans and 2’-fucosyllactose alter both microbial composition 

and appear to alleviate stress-induced mood state in a working population compared to placebo (maltodextrin): the EFFICAD Trial, a randomized, 

controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023 Nov;118(5):938-955. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.016. 


Beneo GmbH 

Maximilianstraße 10 

68165 Mannheim 

www.beneo.com 


Menopause 

Meet us at Booth 7.1D37 

FI Europe 2025 – Paris 

December 2–4 

Veins 

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Discomfort 

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Skin & Hair 

The One & Only 

For Her 

www.pycnogenol.com 

*For a complete list of scientific research and further information visit our website at www.pycnogenol.com. Pycnogenol ® , French maritime pine bark extract, is a registered 

trademark of Horphag Research and its applications are protected by U.S. patents and other international patents. ©2025 Horphag Research. 

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.


Photo © : Adobe Stock/Drobot Dean 

Positiv’food ® : Functional nutrition designed 

for healthy aging 

Aging Well: New approach to longevity 

Healthy aging has become a central focus for consumers and brands 

alike. It’s no longer just about living longer, but about maintaining 

vitality, physical comfort, and mental balance throughout life. 

Nutrition plays a decisive role in this equation, helping to sustain 

key physiological functions and overall well-being. Functional foods, 

combining clinically proven active ingredients with sensory appeal 

offer an effective and accessible way to support health and quality of 

life on a daily basis. 

Positiv’food ® : Where functionality meets sensory pleasure 

The development of Aging Well food and beverage concepts at 

Robertet is part of the Positiv’food ® program, within the Health 

& Beauty division. This initiative bridges two areas of Robertet’s 

expertise active ingredients and natural flavors to design innovative 

concepts that make functional nutrition both efficient and 

enjoyable. Robertet Health & Beauty 

provides a comprehensive portfolio of highquality 

natural actives, backed by science, 

supported by clinical data, and subject to 

rigorous quality standards. 

With Positiv’food ® , Robertet addresses a key 

market evolution: dietary supplements are 

moving closer to the food world to deliver 

richer sensory experiences, while traditional 

foods are being enhanced with functional 

properties. 

Thanks to a dedicated Positiv’food ® team and 

the close collaboration between the Health & 

Beauty and Flavors division, Robertet stands 

at the crossroads of these trends creating 

functional concepts that are natural, scientifically 

supported, and sensorially engaging. 



Innovation focus: 

Ageing well applications 

Robertet has developed numerous dairy and 

beverage concepts under the Aging Well 

theme, targeting cognitive performance, skin 

vitality, and cardiovascular health. These 

prototypes combine botanical extracts from 

standardized actives to clinically supported 

ingredients to help mitigate signs of aging 

and promote long-term well-being. 

For example, a drinking yogurt for cognitive 

support combines fenugreek and sideritis 

extracts at recommended daily dosages, 

flavored with plum for optimal sensory 

balance. The concept aims to help reduce 

cerebral oxidative stress, supporting cognitive 

resilience. 

Another recent development in beverage 

explores the “three brains” concept cerebral, 

gut, and skin (the so-called “peripheral 

brain”) to illustrate the systemic nature of 

well-being. This range, to be unveiled at FiE 

2025, includes ingredients such as ginkgo, 

lemon balm, red vine, and Lipowheat ® , 

a clini cally proven active for skin health. 

Complementary actives like olive leaf, bergamot, and melon SOD 

extracts further enrich these formulations, delivering comprehensive 

support for vitality and healthy ageing. 

Sensory experience as 

a wellness driver 

Within Positiv’food ® , sensory experience is not an afterthought it is 

a key part of functionality. Taste, texture, and emotion contribute to 

adherence, satisfaction, and ultimately, to perceived well-being. 

By designing products that are both effective and pleasurable, 

Robertet reinforces consumer engagement and product credibility. 

Each flavor is selected for its emotional resonance and its ability to 

generate positive sensations, supporting mental balance and enjoyment. 

This distinctive approach brings real value to functional nutrition 

combining science, naturalness, and sensory appeal for a truly 

holistic approach to aging well. 


Robertet Health & Beauty, France 

www.robertet.com 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/Rene La/peopleimages.com 


33


Turning protein into a powerhouse: 

Bioactive Collagen Peptides’ role as 

messenger ingredients 

Oliver Wolf 

When it comes to collagen supplements, the correct dose is 

obviously important. However, it is not only about grams of 

intake but also the essential signals that trigger a molecular 

response. This article looks at the unique mode of action of 

Bioactive Collagen Peptides (BCP ® ) and reveals how science 

is powering the development of effective, consumer-friendly 

products. 

Rethinking collagen 

People often think of collagenous ingredients as simply “protein with 

perks”. Yet specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides behave less like bulk 

nutrients and more like biological messengers. Bioactive variants are 

defined by their peptide fingerprint – comprising peptide distribution, 

sequence and size – and designed to target specific tissues. After 

ingestion, peptide fragments enter the bloodstream and interact with 

connective tissue cells, for example chondrocytes in cartilage and 

tenocytes in tendons – stimulating extracellular matrix synthesis. This 

‘lock-and-key’ interaction triggers tissue-specific responses. “The 

real question isn’t how much collagenous protein is required but its 

proposed purpose,” says Lara Niemann, 

Global Category Manager Beauty at GELITA. 

That shift reframes collagen peptides from a 

commodity ingredient into a targeted nutrition 

tool. In practice, this enables the selection 

of scientifically proven peptides that can 

be optimized for specific purposes, such 

as dermal fibroblasts for skin elasticity and 

osteo blasts for bone health. 

Supporting evidence 

In beauty-from-within applications, clinical 

evidence of the efficacy of low daily doses has 

made VERISOL ® Bioactive Collagen Peptides 

particularly attractive. Multiple trials with a 

2.5 g/day regimen demonstrated improvements 

in skin elasticity and wrinkle parameters 

within 4-8 weeks. Further studies 

revealed noticeable benefits for brittle nails 



and hair thickness. “If consumers can see 

and feel it, compliance improves, thus 

increasing the chance of repeat purchases,” 

adds Lara at GELITA. 

For mobility, FORTIGEL ® has been shown 

to support cartilage metabolism. Around 

20 studies involving approximately 2,800 

participants have demonstrated stimulation 

of cartilage matrix biosynthesis and associated 

functional improvements. For example, 

in a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled 

trial conducted at 19 medical 

centres in the US, UK and Germany, 389 patients between the ages 

of 45 and 80 with diagnosed osteoarthritis of the knee joint were given 

either 10 g of FORTIGEL ® per day or a placebo for 24 weeks. In the 

German arm of the study, FORTIGEL ® therapy was shown to significantly 

reduce pain and improve mobility. Another study investigated 

the effect of 5 g of FORTIGEL ® supplementation in young athletes 

with sports-related knee problems. The results showed that the daily 

intake of collagen peptides can signifi cantly reduce joint pain in 

young people caused by physical activity, compared with a placebo. 

The beneficial effects of TENDOFORTE ® on tendons and ligaments 

has been the subject of numerous studies, including one by the 

Australian Institute of Sport. Participants with chronic Achilles tendinopathy 

returned to running within three months when the peptide 

was used in conjunction with a specific exercise programme. A 

recently published study by Bischof et al. investigates the effect of 

TENDOFORTE ® and PeptENDURE ® in combination with concurrent 

exercise on systemic muscle stress biomarkers. In conclusion, 

12 weeks of 15 g BCP ® supplementation combined with concurrent 

training intervention reduced acute markers of exercise-induced 

muscle damage and improved post-exercise regener ative capacity, 

as evidenced by the altered post-exercise time course. 

PeptENDURE ® shines as a product aimed at long-term endurance 

improvement. By promoting adaptive changes in mitochondria, it 

not only increases endurance levels, but also enables athletes to 

run longer and faster, thereby improving overall performance. In two 

studies, men and women were monitored separately to determine the 

effect on both sexes, and the results revealed that the participants 

taking PeptENDURE ® were able to run 14 % faster than baseline. 

A randomised, controlled double-blind study of 2018 examined the 

effect of FORTIBONE ® on bone mineral density at the spine and 

femoral neck in postmenopausal women. The year-long study showed 

a significant increase in bone density in the spine and in the femoral 


35


neck in the women who took FORTIBONE ® , while it decreased in the 

placebo group. A follow-up study conducted in 2021 revealed a longterm 

increase in bone density with 5 g FORTIBONE ® daily for three 

more years, thus supporting healthy ageing. 

Easy dosing 

Successful finished products require honest and effective dosing. 

This is easy to accomplish with VERISOL ® in various liquid and solid 

applications, thanks to a recommended daily intake of just 2.5 g. 

This can even be achieved in gummies thanks to VERISOL ® HST 

– a special variant that makes beauty gummies with high collagen 

peptide load achievable while maintaining the desired mouthfeel 

and flavour. In liquids, BCP ® ’s excellent solubility makes it easy to 

incorporate the recommended daily intake of 5-10 g for FORTIGEL ® , 

FORTIBONE ® , PeptENDURE ® or TENDOFORTE ® . However, other 

applications such as bars and gels are also possible. 

Manufacture made easy 

All BCP ® from GELITA are tasteless, white powders in an agglomerated 

form for dust-free handling. They dissolve easily in cold water, 

tolerate low pH levels and have a clean sensory profile, allowing 

them to be combined with minerals and vitamins without compromising 

mouthfeel. Such robustness allows for the creation of clear 

shots, light RTD products, indulgent dairy products and high-protein 

snacks with pleasant texture, taste and appearance. For confectionery, 

GELITA’s HST ingredients combine the functionality of 

gelatin with high peptide payloads. 

Power to deliver 

A reliable BCP ® product does three things. Firstly, it tells a story 

based on solid science and then links that story to the benefits of 

daily consumption. Secondly, it delivers the recommended dose in 

tasty, easy-to-consume portions, e.g. three gummies, a 60 ml shot 

or a single RTD bottle. And thirdly, it passes the technical tests that 

support brand credibility, such as stability or dosing accuracy. 


Oliver Wolf, 

Global Product Promotion 

GELITA AG 

Oliver.Wolf@gelita.com 

www.gelita.com 

With consumers moving from “quick fixes” 

to proactive care, they increasingly reward 

brands that pair clean labels with noticeable 

results. Here, BCP ® tick both boxes as 

they are natural, label-friendly ingredients 

with tissue-specific mechanisms backed by 

clinical data. Collagen peptides will always 

provide amino acids; but bioactive variants 

do more by stimulating cell metabolism 

from within. 

Understanding collagen, collagen peptides and 

Bioactive Collagen Peptides (BCP ® ) 

What is collagen? 

Collagen is the body’s main structural protein in skin, cartilage, 

bone, tendons and ligaments. On a molecular level it forms 

long, rope-like molecules built from three protein chains that 

twist into a triple helix. These helices form strong fibres that 

support tissue firmness and resilience. 

What are collagen peptides? 

Collagen peptides are small fragments made from collagen by 

gentle enzymatic hydrolysis. In other words, the long collagen 

“rope” is cut into shorter pieces that dissolve easily in water. 

Therefore, they are easy to incorporate in drinks, shots, 

gummies and bars. 

What are specific bioactive collagen peptides (BCP ® )? 

BCP ® are collagen peptides with a defined peptide “fingerprint”. 

They are produced with selected enzymes and controlled 

process conditions to create a consistent spectrum of peptide 

sizes and sequences tailored to a desired outcome – such as 

supporting skin, cartilage, tendons/ligaments or bone. The term 

“bioactive” means these peptides are designed to do more than 

supply amino acids: they also act as biological messengers that 

interact with target cells. 

Why does this matter? 

Size and structure determine behaviour. Full collagen builds 

tissue but is not practical as an oral ingredient. Collagen 

peptides deliver highly soluble protein fragments that the body 

can absorb. BCP ® go a step further by turning those fragments 

into signals that prompt tissue to renew its own extracellular 

matrix. 


Vitamin K2 

The backbone of healthy ageing: 

navigating vitamin K2’s potential 

In an era where people aspire not just to 

live longer, but to live better, the conversation 

around healthy ageing has never been 

louder. Between 2025 and 2027, the global 

market for supplements targeting healthy 

ageing is poised for steady growth. 1 Yet, 

in this crowded and competitive arena, 

standing out is no easy task. To uncover 

where the opportunities lie, we sat down with 

Thies Ripcke, Director Business Development 

and Strategic Marketing, K2VITAL, 

Balchem Human Nutrition and Health, to 

discuss why vitamin K2 can help provide the 

missing piece to the healthy ageing puzzle 

and outline three key questions every brand 

should ask when formulating products in this 

space. 

Starting from the basics – why is 

vitamin K2 so key for healthy ageing? 

Words like ‘healthy and active ageing’ are no 

longer mere buzzwords – they are redefining 

consumer habits and lifestyles. It’s not just 

about looking good anymore, nor is it simply about extending years. 

True healthy ageing is about maintaining our physical and mental 

agility well into our later years. While genetics and environmental 

factors can certainly shape much of the ageing process, nutrition is 

the one element we can influence directly – and consumers know it. 

As a result, we’re seeing shelves filled with functional products promising 

everything from smoother skin to youthful energy – the modernday 

fountain of youth. And if collagen and hyaluronic acid once were 

the main characters of the anti-ageing show, a new wave of ingredients 

– including vitamins and essential minerals – are now stepping 

into the spotlight. 

Vitamin K2, in particular, is no newcomer in the nutraceutical 

industry. Backed by a robust body of evidence demonstrating its role 

in supporting bone and heart health, this nutrient deserves our attention, 

especially as we age. But before diving into the market opportunity, 

let’s look at how vitamin K2 actually works. 

Our bones are made of a matrix that is produced by cells called osteoblasts. 

They secrete osteocalcin into the blood. When osteocalcin 

gets activated by vitamin K2, this protein binds to calcium and transports 

it from the blood and into the bones, where it can help maintain 

bone mineral density (BMD) and strength. Vitamin K2 can also work 

in harmony with D3 – another go-to ingredient for healthy ageing – to 


37

Vitamin K2 

regulate calcium metabolism, amplifying the benefits even further. 2 

In heart support, vitamin D3 molecules can promote the expression 

of vitamin K-dependent proteins like matrix Gla Proteins (MGP), 

which are present in vascular smooth muscle cells and contribute to 

normal arterial function. 3,4,5,6 When combined with vitamin K2, these 

proteins switch from their inactive form to the active state that delivers 

health benefits. 7 

What is especially exciting about vitamin K2 is that its benefits 

continue to evolve in line with the latest research. Studies show that 

this nutrient plays a key role in supporting ATP production, an important 

source of energy for our body’s cells and muscles. 8,9 This is also 

an area we’re currently investigating to explore how vitamin K2 might 

impact overall mobility, including muscle recovery and inflammation. 

To better understand its potential, we’re conducting scientific trials, 

involving both healthy participants and people suffering from sarcopenia 

– the gradual loss of muscle mass, strength and function. The 

findings from these studies could potentially open up new opportunities 

for brands looking to develop effective products for healthy 

ageing. 

But where to start? Well, with three key questions… 

1. Who can benefit from vitamin K2 supplementation? 

With vitamin K2 increasingly recognised as a key element of healthy 

diets, many consumers are already taking steps to up their intake. 10 

Unsurprisingly, given the low levels of K2 in most Western diets, 

pro ducts containing K2 are soaring in popularity, 

particularly in Europe and North 

America. 11 

Ultimately, vitamin K2 resonates across 

all demographics: from young consumers 

seeking to future-proof their well-being with 

multifunctional solutions, to menopausal 

women aiming to maintain strong bones and 

elderly individuals striving to remain active. 

And as personalisation becomes a cornerstone 

of consumer expectations, for brands 

looking to innovate in this space, successful 

positioning requires segmenting audiences 

not only by age, but also by lifestyle, values 

and health priorities. The needs of a 28-yearold 

fitness enthusiast differ from those of a 

55-year-old woman in menopause, even 

though both can benefit from vitamin K2. 

Product messaging and delivery formats 

need to reflect these nuances – offering 

solutions that meet consumers where they 

are in their personal health journey, while 

still aligning with broader trends of preventive 

health and active ageing. 

2. What are the market challenges? 

Brands looking to capitalise on the healthy 

ageing trend with vitamin K2-based products 

must first get to grips with the key market 

dynamics and potential challenges. The 

vitamin K2 space is not without its pitfalls, 

starting with ingredient selection and the 

complexities of production. In fact, not all 

vitamin K2 ingredients are created equal. 

Among the many options available, the most 

bioactive form is menaquinone-7 (MK7). Its 

unique chemical structure makes it highly 

beneficial for our bodies, but it can also be 

challenging to formulate with, both in terms 

of quality and scale. 

Vitamin K2-MK7 features seven double 

bonds arranged in a linear configuration 

called ‘all-trans’, which results in superior 

bioactivity and effectiveness. The difficulty in 

meeting this high, all-trans standard starts to 

rear its head when K2-MK7 is synthesised 

on an industrial scale. Due to the inherent 

instability of molecules during the manufacturing 

process, it can be extremely difficult to 

create all-trans molecules. This results in a 

‘cis’ configuration of the molecule, which is 


Vitamin K2 

considered less biologically active and consequently, of less benefit 

to consumers. Though challenging, this manufacturing hurdle also 

presents an opportunity for forward-thinking brands to incorporate 

premium K2 ingredients into their healthy ageing products. By doing 

so, they not only fill a significant gap in the market but also build trust 

with consumers. 

To help manufacturers create solutions that truly support hearts 

and bones in the long term, at Balchem, we offer K2VITAL – a 

patented, typically 99.7 % all-trans K2 MK-7 – which is backed by 

over 400 stability tests demonstrating its purity and superior performance. 

K2VITAL is also part of the Alkemist Assured transparency 

program through which we ensure it is third-party verified to 

meet the highest quality standards. What’s more, we work with labs 

across Europe and the US to improve access to highly sensitive chromatographs 

needed to test K2-MK7 quality. 

3. What’s next and how to stand out? 

In a highly competitive market with both established players and 

emerging companies, the real advantage lies in fostering strong 

collaborations between ingredient suppliers and manufacturers. 

While many branded ingredients offer added value through logo 

placement on packaging, this often stops short of creating true 

impact. Meaningful partnerships, however, can drive the creation of 

innovative, high-quality K2 products that resonate with consumers at 

all stages of life. This is where a smart communication and marketing 

strategy can make a real difference. 

Balchem has recently announced a partnership between K2VITAL 

and the FC Bayern Women team, which aims to raise consumer 

awareness of K2 and highlight the importance of ingredient quality. 

The idea is simple: by educating everyday people on the benefits of 

K2 and the role of science-backed, verified supplements, this initiative 

creates a connection between K2VITAL and consumers, establishing 

it as a reliable choice when purchasing a product. And the 

choice of partner couldn’t be better: the FC Bayern Women team 

stand out as a troupe of true health ambassadors with over one billion 

fans worldwide – spanning from Germany to China, Thailand and 

North and Central America. 12 

Through initiatives like this, Balchem can offer its customers 

cobranding opportunities, targeting consumers who learn to look for 

the K2VITAL logo as a marker of quality. Market research shows 

that 46 % of consumers see branded ingredients as important, 13 

associa ting them with quality and science-backed benefits. This 

means supplement manufacturers can leverage this influencer partnership 

to create differentiation, delivering trusted, science-driven 

solutions. A great example: in September, we teamed up with our 

customer Natsana, a leading manufacturer of nutritional supplements 

and dietary products, to spotlight a co-branded range of 

vitamin K2 supplements at the FC Bayern Women season opener 

in Munich’s Allianz Arena. 57,762 football fans were introduced to 

the portfolio, developed under Natsana’s Natural Elements ® brand 

and featuring K2VITAL. Attendees were also invited to explore a 

dedicated K2VITAL promotion page offering fans a discount code 

and the chance to explore the co-branded Natural Elements ® product 

range, turning brand visibility into real engagement and sales for 

Natsana. 

Healthily ever after 

As consumers dream of living healthily ever after, vitamin K2 offers 

brands the opportunity to reshape the conversation around healthy 

ageing – rather than just participating in it. This will require more 

than just adding the nutrient to the formulation – but investing in the 

right ingredients, collaborating with the right partners and telling the 

right story to create products that are trusted, effective and tailored to 

specific consumer needs. 

References 

1 

Nutrition Business Journal (2024), Condition Specific Report 2024. 

2 

van Ballegooijen A.J. et al. Int J Endocrinol. 2017:7454376 

3 

Chatrou MML et al. PLOS ONE 2015 Vol. 10 Issue 11 Pages e01423 

4 

Schurgers LJ et al. Kidney Int 2013 Vol. 83 Issue 5 Pages 782-4 

5 

Westenfeld R. et al. Am J Kidney Dis 2012 Vol. 59 Issue 2 Pages 186-95 

6 

Hariri E. Open Heart 2021 Vol. 8 Issue 2 

7 

Van Ballegooijen et al., Int J Endocrinol 2017; 7454376 

8 

Vos, M., et al. Science, 2012. 336(6086): p. 1306-10. 

9 

Ronning, S.B., et al. PLoS One, 2018. 13(4): p. e0195432. 

10 

Grand View Research, Vitamin K2 Market Size & Trends, https://www.grandviewresearch. 

com/industry-analysis/vitamin-k2-market-report 

11 

Innova database, Innova Market Insights, January 2020 

12 

Nielsen Sports: Global Fan Potential Analysis FC Bayern München 2022. 

13 

Industry Transparency Centre (ITC), Consumer Supplement Survey, 2023. 

For more information, please visit 

https://balchem.com/hnh/mn/k2vital/ 


39


Collagen peptides: 

Unexpected star ingredients 

for the GLP-1 age? 

Florencia Moreno Torres 

You may have heard, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist 

drugs like Ozempic ® , Wegovy ® and Mounjaro ® are somewhat 

of a ‘big deal’ right now. This is, of course, an understatement. 

Once relatively unknown interventions designed to help 

manage type 2 diabetes, these medications have become not 

just pharmaceutical blockbusters, but cultural phenomena. 

They have reshaped how we talk about weight, metabolism, 

and even self-image – and in the process created a billiondollar 

market that the nutrition and dietary supplement 

industry can’t ignore. 1 

Yet, as undeniably effective as GLP-1 agonists can be for those who 

truly need them – when prescribed by a doctor – their runaway popularity 

tends to take up all the oxygen in discussions around metabolic 

health. Increasingly, these drugs are being used by otherwise 

healthy individuals, for whom the potential side effects – ranging from 

nausea to gut discomfort 2,3 , – may outweigh the benefits. In many 

instances, pharmaceutical approaches to glucose management are 

either out of reach, out of alignment with individuals’ personal wellness 

philosophies, or simply outside of their comfort zone. These 

misgivings mean a wide-open field of opportunities for nutraceutical 

producers. For any healthy consumers looking for gentler, more 

natural ways to balance glucose levels and 

ride the metabolic rollercoaster, functional 

foods and dietary supplements present a 

less daunting prospect. 

And this is where an unexpected hero – 

specific compositions of collagen peptides 

shown to support blood glucose management 

– could rewrite the playbook. Come 

along as we explore this promising new 

world of metabolic health supplements and 

the scientific discoveries re-coloring our 

understanding of collagen peptides. 

Defining a craze: 

The rise of GLP-1 agonists 

Modern diets and lifestyles have made metabolic 

health one of the defining wellness 

issues of our time. Highly processed foods, 

late nights, constant stress, and physi cal 

inactivity have led to steep increases in rates 



of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose dysregulation. 4,5,6,7 What’s 

more, it’s not just people diagnosed with formal conditions feeling 

the pressure. Research suggests up to 80 % of otherwise healthy 

individuals experience excessive glucose spikes after a standard 

meal of cornflakes and milk. 8 These spikes can translate into energy 

crashes 9,10 , mood swings 11 , and an endless cycle of cravings that 

often results in overeating and weight gain 12,13,14,15 – a pattern 

commonly referred to as the “glucose rollercoaster.” 

GLP-1 agonists were initially developed as a tool to help patients 

diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, but they have since gained broader 

use to manage this destabilizing cycle and even as an aid for weight 

loss. By mimicking the incretin hormone GLP-1, they boost insulin 

release, slow gastric emptying, and enhance satiety, supporting 

weight loss and glycemic control. 16 It’s estimated that around 25–30 

million adults in the US, and more than 1.6 million in the UK, have 

already given these solutions a shot. 17,18 

But all this enthusiasm must be tempered by reality. In the US, 

a month’s supply of GLP-1 medication can cost upwards of 

$600 19 , and patients often need to commit long-term to maintain 

benefits. Side effects like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and 

even reports of “Ozempic face” (skin gauntness linked to rapid 

weight loss) also give pause 20 and, because the drugs are in such 

high demand, shortages and questionable compounded versions 

further complicate access. 21, 22 Given all these concerns, generally 

healthy, metabolism-conscious consumers may turn from the 

more serious pharmaceutical path to the more familiar route of 

dietary supplements. 

The usual suspects: Nutraceutical pathways to 

metabolic wellness 

Long before Ozempic ® hit the headlines, nutraceuticals had been 

quietly offering support for metabolic health complaints. Polyphenols, 

probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics are all marketed as 

metabolism-friendly 23 , while oat-derived beta-glucans are linked to 

cholesterol and body fat reduction. 24 

A star is born: Unveiling the potential 

of specific collagen peptides 

Collagen has long been a darling of the nutraceutical industry, 

beloved for its associations with glowing skin and 28 hair, 29 maintaining 

joint function, 30 and aiding in sports recovery. 31 Its reputation 

for safety, familiarity, and multifunctionality makes it one of the 

sector’s most trusted ingredients. Recent clinical evidence suggests 

that a specific composition of these tiny balls may also play an 

unexpected role in metabolic wellness – specifically in supporting 

glucose control and incretin hormone release. 

During investigations into the potential uses of new compositions 

of collagen peptides, researchers at Rousselot developed Nextida ® 

GC, a specific collagen peptide composition with the ability to regulate 

post-meal glucose responses. They sought to confirm these 

effects in a recent randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, 

crossover clinical trial conducted on an overall healthy heterogeneous 

population comprising a mix of normoglycemic and prediabetic 

participants. 

Researchers first collected baseline blood samples, before providing 

participants with either a 5- or 10-gram dose of Nextida GC or a 

placebo prior to eating a controlled meal. Results from the blood 

samples taken following the meal revealed that both dose levels of 

Nextida GC boosted GLP-1 secretion, with a statistically significant 

increase in GLP-1 levels observed post-meal for the overall healthy 

population when a 10 g dose of Nextida GC was ingested. Zooming 

in on the pre-diabetic trial population (graph B) both the 5- and 

10-gram dose of Nextida GC triggered significant GLP-1 release. 32 

A) GLP-1 levels in a healthy heterogeneous population (normoglycemic 

and with imbalanced glucose metabolism) before and 

after Nextida GC 

Consumer interest here is strong. In 2022, more than a third of 

surveyed supplement users said they wanted to improve their 

blood sugar levels through supplementation 25 , and online searches 

for “glucose spikes” have tripled since 2023. 26 The natural weight 

management category is evolving, too: 42 % of British, 36 % of 

French, and 29 % of Spanish consumers are actively trying to lose 

weight 27 , and many are turning toward supplements to help steady 

energy, improve satiety, and support weight goals. Though staples 

like fiber, vitamins, and botanicals remain important, however, the 

conversation is shifting in a more specialized direction. Consumers 

are increa singly well-informed and comfortable with terms like 

“GLP-1s” and “the incretin effect”. As such, they are actively 

looking for science-backed, natural solutions that feel as contemporary 

as their wearable wellness trackers. 


41


B) GLP-1 levels in a healthy homogeneous population (with imbalanced 

glucose metabolism) before and after Nextida GC 

inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) in a healthy 

population (Figure 3) 34 , thereby helping 

promote feelings of fullness. 35 

Finally, the trial results suggested that ingestion 

of Nextida GC before a meal could 

lead to improved insulin secretion, with the 

supplement shown to help prime the body’s 

metabolic response. Pre-meal insulin levels 

increased significantly following oral supplementation 

with Nextida GC, while post-meal 

insulin levels were lower than the placebo 

group. 36 This response allowed the body to 

react more efficiently to the glucose introduced 

by the meal and lower the subsequent 

spike without the need for excessive 

insulin production. 

Fig. 1: Nextida GC enhanced natural GLP-1 secretion in A) a healthy 

heterogeneous population (normoglycemic and with imbalanced glucose metabolism, 

i.e., prediabetic) and B) a healthy homogeneous population (with 

imbalanced glucose metabolism). *p


back to metabolic balance. For healthy consumers wary of pharmaceutical 

intensity, this “lower stakes” approach, based on an ingredient 

they likely already know and trust, holds notable appeal. 

A healthy body needs an open mind 

In a relatively highly regulated space like the nutraceutical industry, it 

is tempting to stick to the tried-and-true – fiber for digestion, omega- 

3s for the heart, vitamin C for immunity. While these associations are 

valuable, discoveries such as the role that a specific collagen peptide 

composition could play in glucose control and GLP-1 boosting highlight 

why innovation matters: The unexpected is powerful. 

Consumers are not afraid of novelty when it’s backed by solid 

science. Continuous glucose monitors are now worn by athletes 

and office workers alike 37 and GLP-1 agonists remain the defining 

health trend of the past two years. In this climate, introducing specific 

collagen peptides as a credible solution for natural glucose control 

is less a stretch and more a logical step forward. All nutraceutical 

brands need to do is open the door to a more expansive, nutraceutical 

understanding of metabolic health – and the right target audiences 

will happily step through. 

References 

1 

Grand View Research, GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Market Size & Share Report (2030), 

https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/glp-1-receptor-agonist-market 

2 

GLP-1 Agonists: What They Are, How They Work & Side Effects (clevelandclinic.org) 

3 

Jensen et al., “Healthy weight loss maintenance with exercise, GLP-1 receptor agonist, 

or both combined followed by one year without treatment: a post-treatment analysis of a 

randomised placebo-controlled trial,” Clinical Medicine. (2024). 

4 

Hall et al., “Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation,” PLOS Biology 16(7): 

e2005143. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005143 

5 

Lowden et al., “Performance and sleepiness during a 24 h wake in constant conditions are 

affected by diet,” Biological Psychology, Volume 65, Issue 3, (2004) 

6 

Breymeyer et al., “Subjective mood and energy levels of healthy weight and overweight/ 

obese healthy adults on high-and low-glycemic load experimental diets,” Appetite, Volume 

107 (2016) 

7 

Jarvis, et al., “Continuous glucose monitoring in a healthy population: understanding the 

post-prandial glycemic response in individuals without diabetes mellitus,” Metabolism - 

Clinical and Experimental, Volume 146 (2023) 

8 

Hall et al., “Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation.” PLOS Biology 16(7): 

e2005143. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2005143 

9 

Lowden et al., “Performance and sleepiness during a 24 h wake in constant conditions are 

affected by diet,” Biological Psychology, Volume 65, Issue 3 (2004) 

10 

Breymeyer et al., “Subjective mood and energy levels of healthy weight and overweight/ 

obese healthy adults on high-and low-glycemic load experimental diets,” Appetite, Volume 

107 (2016) 

11 

Jarvis, et al., “Continuous glucose monitoring in a healthy population: understanding the 

post-prandial glycemic response in individuals without diabetes mellitus,” Metabolism - 

Clinical and Experimental, Volume 146, 155640 (2023) 

12 

Blaak et al., “Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease,” 

Obesity Reviews, 13: 923-984 (2012) 

13 

Ball et al., “Prolongation of Satiety After Low Versus Moderately High Glycemic Index 

Meals in Obese Adolescents,” Pediatrics. 111 (3): 488–494. (2003) 

14 

Ludwig et al., “High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity. Pediatrics. 103 (3) 

(1999) 

15 

Brand-Miller et al., “Glycemic index and obesity,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 

Volume 76, Issue 1, Pages 281S-285S, (2002) 

16 

García-Cordero et al., “Evaluation of novel nutraceuticals based on the combination of 

oat beta-glucans and a green coffee phenolic extract to combat obesity and its comorbidities. 

A randomized, dose-response, parallel trial,” Food & function (2021) 

17 

iSearch-DNA -Rabobank: Anti-obesity medications-Will the food industry be the biggest 

loser? (Dec 2024) 

18 

Sarah E. Jackson, et. al., Prevalence of use and interest in using glucagon-like 

peptide-1 receptor agonists for weight loss: a population study in Great Britain, medRxiv 

2025.06.06.25329114; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.06.25329114, https://www. 

medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.06.25329114v1.full 

19 

Jacobs et al., “Real-world impact on monthly glucose-lowering medication cost, HbA1c, 

weight, and polytherapy after initiating a GLP-1 receptor agonist,” Journal of the American 

Pharmacists Association (2019) 

20 

https://health.clevelandclinic.org/ozempic-face 

21 

McCall et al., “Safety analysis of compounded GLP-1 receptor agonists: a pharmacovigilance 

study using the FDA adverse event reporting system,” Expert Opin Drug Saf (2025) 

22 

https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-andproviders/fdas-concerns-unapproved-glp-1-drugs-used-weight-loss 

23 

Casadei et al., “The Role of Nutraceuticals and Probiotics in Addition to Lifestyle Intervention 

in the Management of Childhood Obesity—Part 1,” Metabolic Changes. Nutrients 

(2025). 

24 

García-Cordero et al., “Evaluation of novel nutraceuticals based on the combination of oat 

beta-glucans and a green coffee phenolic extract to combat obesity and its comorbidities. A 

randomized, dose-response, parallel trial,” Food & function (2021) 

25 

FMCG Gurus, 2022 

26 

Google trends Jan ‘23 vs Jan ‘25 

27 

https://www.kantarmedia.com/news-and-resources/weight-loss-trends 

28 

Asserin, J., et al. The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and 

the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebocontrolled 

clinical trials. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/ 

jocd.12174 

29 

Pappelbaum et al., Revealing novel insights on how oral supplementation with collagen 

peptides may prevent hair loss: Lessons from the human hair follicle organ culture, Journal 

of Functional Foods, Volume 116, 2024, 106124, ISSN 1756-4646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 

jff.2024.106124 

30 

Jiang et al, Collagen Peptides improve knee osteoarthritis in elderly women – a 6 month 

randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Agro Food Industry Hi Tech, 2014. 

31 

Clifford et al. The effects of collagen peptides on muscle damage, inflammation and 

bone turnover following exercise: a randomized, controlled trial. Amino Acids 51, 691–704 

(2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02706-5 

32 

Rousselot clinical data 

33 

Grasset et al., A Specific Collagen Hydrolysate Improves Postprandial Glucose Tolerance 

in Normoglycemic and Prediabetic Mice and in a First Proof of Concept Study in Healthy, 

Normoglycemic and Prediabetic Humans, Food Sci Nutr, 12: 9607-9620 (2024) 

34 

Rousselot clinical data 

35 

Seino, Y., M. Fukushima, and D. Yabe, GIP and GLP-1, the two incretin hormones: Similarities 

and differences. J Diabetes Investig, 2010. 1(1-2): p. 8-23. https://doi.org/10.11 

11/j.2040-1124.2010.00022. 

36 

Grasset et al., “A specific collagen hydrolysate improves postprandial glucose tolerance,” 

Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, Volume 63, 1310 – 1311 (2024) 

37 

Holzer et al., Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Adults—Possible Applications 

in Health Care, Wellness, and Sports. Sensors. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22052030 


Florencia Moreno Torres, 

Global Marketing Manager, 

Health & Nutrition, Rousselot 

www.darlingii.com/rousselot 


43


Photo © : Adobe Stock/Neuro architect 

Status of the amino acid L-Theanine in the EU 

For more than 70 years, the Japanese family-owned company 

Taiyo has been synonymous with high-quality natural 

food ingredients and scientifically based innovations. The 

company is considered a pioneer in the field of functional 

plant extracts and develops solutions that combine science, 

quality, and sustainability. 

With Sunphenon ® TH-30, Taiyo presents a special green tea extract 

that combines naturalness, purity, and legal certainty in one product. 

L-Theanine, the most important amino acid in green tea, has long 

been known for its relaxing, stress-reducing, and concentrationenhancing 

effects. The effects of L-Theanine are well documented 

scientifically. Studies show that it stimulates the formation of alpha 

waves in the brain, thereby promoting a state of calm alertness. It 

helps to reduce stress, improve sleep, and promote concentration 

and focus without causing fatigue. This combination of relaxation and 

focus makes L-Theanine a versatile ingredient for modern product 

concepts aimed at mental balance, performance, and well-being. 

Novel Food catalogue and status of L-Theanine 

In 2023, L-Theanine was added to the NOVEL FOOD catalogue by 

the EU Commission, thereby severely restricting its use in the EU. 

Since 2023, it has been clear that synthetic Theanine of any kind is 

not permitted in the EU and is considered an unauthorized NOVEL 

FOOD, meaning it is not approved for use in dietary supplements or 

other foods such as beverages. 

The EU only allows Theanine extracted, isolated, or concentrated 

from tea to be used in dietary supplements, but not in other foods 

such as beverages. At present, therefore, 

there is no form of Theanine that is permitted 

for use in beverages. 

This is exactly where Sunphenon ® TH-30 

comes in. It provides 100 percent natural 

Theanine from green tea, without any 

synthetic additives. The extract is produced 

using a carefully developed process that 

does not fall under the NOVEL FOOD law. 

The trick: the entire amino acid profile of 

green tea is retained in its original composition. 

The result is an authentic, pure, and 

natural extract that transforms the tradition 

of green tea into a modern, scientifically 

tested form with a Theanine content of 

30 %. Unlike all other Theanine pro ducts on 

the market, Sunphenon ® TH-30 is legally 

permitted in dietary supplements and all 

other foods, including beverages, in the 

European Union. This permissibility was 

confirmed by an expert opinion from Prof. 

Comans in 2024. 

In addition, Taiyo can prove the naturalness 

of Theanine beyond doubt using C12/C13 

isotope analysis. This makes Sunphenon ® 

TH-30 currently the only legal and natural 

source of Theanine for beverages in Europe. 

This legal certainty, combined with the high 



quality of the raw materials, makes the 

product particularly attractive for manufacturers 

who rely on transparent and sustainable 

ingredients. 

L-Theanine from green tea or concentrate it to 20-40 % or higher 

to 60-90 % L-Theanine. This would require large quantities of tea 

extracts, most of which would be waste. Therefore, L-Theanine 

production from green tea is always only a by-product of regular tea 

Overview of L-Theanine product Groups and their legal classification in the EU: 

Product Type Food Supplements Foods Beverages 

L-Theanine (>90 %) 

(synthetic) 

NOVEL FOOD 

(not permitted) 

NOVEL FOOD 


NOVEL FOOD 


L-Theanine from Tea 

(isolated/concentrated) 

Permitted 

NOVEL FOOD 


NOVEL FOOD 


Tea Extracts 

(20-40 % enriched L-Theanine) 

Permitted 

NOVEL FOOD 


NOVEL FOOD 


Suntheanine ® 

(>98%; fermentation-derived) 

NOVEL FOOD 

(authorization exp.2026) 

NOVEL FOOD 


NOVEL FOOD 


Sunphenon ® TH-30 

(30 % L-Theanine, Green tea extract) 

Sunphenon ® 8-RTH 

(8 % L-Theanine, Matcha extract) 

Permitted Permitted Permitted 

Permitted Permitted Permitted 

L-Theanine-rich matcha extract 

(Sunphenon ® 8RTH) 

Taiyo is also the only company worldwide 

to offer Sunphenon ® 8RTH, a clear watersoluble 

matcha extract containing 8-10 % 

natural L-Theanine, which is also not subject 

to the NOVEL FOOD law and is permitted 

in all forms such as dietary supplements, 

all other foods, and beverages. Matcha 

tea leaves accumulate 8-10 times more 

Theanine during the shading phase than 

unshaded tea leaves. 

In addition, Taiyo has applied for approval 

of fermented L-Theanine (Suntheanine ® ) 

with a content of >98 % pure L-Theanine 

in 2025. Approval is expected at the End 

of 2025/beginning of 2026. Interested 

companies can already contact Taiyo to 

secure quantities and exclusive distribution 

of Suntheanine ® in the EU. Fermentatively 

produced Suntheanine ® uses the 

same natural production method as green 

tea leaves (Camelia Sinensis). Taiyo therefore 

imitates the synthesis of L-Theanine in tea leaves for its production 

of Suntheanine ® . 

Prices and criminal activities 

Conventional green tea extracts usually contain only small amounts of 

L-Theanine (1-2 %) and are not suitable as a source of L-Theanine. 

Due to the low L-Theanine content, it is therefore expensive and difficult 

to isolate. 

Fermentatively produced L-Theanin 

(Suntheanine ® ) 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/anak 


45


However, L-Theanine can be produced chemically, which is much 

cheaper than isolating it from tea, and therein lies the problem. Some 

companies offer pure L-Theanine with a content of 98 % for less than 

EUR 100/kg and claim that it is isolated from green tea. The fact that 

this L-Theanine cannot be isolated from tea is evident from the price 

difference compared to an extract proven to originate from tea with 

40 % L-Theanine, which is four times as expensive as the supposedly 

99 % pure L-Theanine that is said to come from tea. 


TAIYO GmbH 

Hagener Str. 20, 58285 Gevelsberg, Germany 

info@taiyogmbh.com 

www.taiyogmbh.com 

Photo © : Adobe Stock/aFotostock 

extract production. Nevertheless, the costs are very high and rise 

sharply with increasing L-Theanine content. 

A tea extract with 20 % L-Theanine costs around EUR 200/kg, which 

corresponds to a price of EUR 1,000/kg calculated on the basis of 

100 % pure L-Theanine. This makes natural L-Theanine from tea 

around 5-10 times more expensive than synthetically produced 

L-Theanine. A tea extract containing 40 % L-Theanine costs around 

EUR 300-400/kg, which corresponds to a price of EUR 800-1,000/kg 

calculated on the basis of 100 % pure L-Theanine. Although it is not 

impossible to isolate pure L-Theanine from tea or enrich it to 60-99 %, 

such products would be so expensive that they would no longer be 

commercially viable. 

There are also companies that mix pure synthetic L-Theanine with 

conventional green tea extract and then sell it as tea extract containing 

40 % L-Theanine, without mentioning that it is a mixture of illegal 

synthetic L-Theanine. Both practices are illegal and can be detected 

by analyzing the 12C/13C and 14N/15N isotope ratios by Prof. Perini 

(Fondazione Edmund Mach). 

However, even consumers can recognize tea extracts adulterated 

with synthetic L-Theanine by their taste and smell alone. Fake tea 

extracts made from a mixture of synthetic L-Theanine, and conventional 

green tea extract still taste bitter and astringent, just like normal 

green tea extract. 

Sunphenon ® TH30 consists of 80 % free amino acids from tea and 

tastes more like soup (umami) and smells slightly fishy due to its high 

content of free arginine. 

The natural and characteristic taste and smell of Sunphenon ® TH30 

can be easily masked in beverages, and at the usual concentrations 

of 1-4g/l, you can hardly taste or smell anything in the beverage. 

Conclusion 

L-Theanine in beverages is only permitted in the EU as Sunphenon ® 

TH30 (30 % L-Theanine) and as Matcha extract Sunphenon ® 8RTH 

(8 % L-Theanine). 

Impressum 

ISSN 2364-8104 

Wellness Foods & Supplements | No. 3/2025 

Publishing Company 

Dr Harnisch Publications 

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